| LATVIA Republic of Latvia Latvia's Republika Joined United Nations: 17 September 1991 Human Rights as assured by their constitution Click here Updated 07/15/10 |
| CAPITAL |
| POPULATION |
| CHIEF OF STATE |
| SELECTION PROCESS |
Riga
2,217,969 (July 2010 est.)
Valdis Zatlers
President since 8 July 2007
President since 8 July 2007
President reelected by Parliament for a four-year term (no term
limits); election last held 31 May 2007
Next scheduled election: May 2011
limits); election last held 31 May 2007
Next scheduled election: May 2011
HEAD OF GOVERNMENT
SELECTION PROCESS
Valdis Dombrovskis
Prime Minister since 26 February 2009
Prime Minister since 26 February 2009
Prime Minister appointed by the president
| DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS |
| ETHNIC GROUPS |
Latvian 57.7%, Russian 29.6%, Belarusian 4.1%, Ukrainian 2.7%, Polish 2.5%, Lithuanian 1.4%, other 2% (2002)
| RELIGIONS |
Lutheran 19.6%, Orthodox 15.3%, other Christian 1%, other 0.4%, unspecified 63.7% (2006)
| GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE |
Parliamentary democracy comprised of 26 counties (singular - radons) and 7 municipalities; Legal system is based on
civil law system
Executive: President reelected by Parliament for a four-year term (no term limits); election last held 31 May 2007 (next
to be held by May 2011); prime minister appointed by the president
Legislative: Unicameral Parliament or Sarina (100 seats; members are elected by proportional representation from
party lists across five districts through direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 7 October 2006 (next to be held October 2010)
Judicial: Supreme Court (judges' appointments are confirmed by Parliament); Constitutional Court (judges'
appointments are confirmed by Parliament)
civil law system
Executive: President reelected by Parliament for a four-year term (no term limits); election last held 31 May 2007 (next
to be held by May 2011); prime minister appointed by the president
Legislative: Unicameral Parliament or Sarina (100 seats; members are elected by proportional representation from
party lists across five districts through direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 7 October 2006 (next to be held October 2010)
Judicial: Supreme Court (judges' appointments are confirmed by Parliament); Constitutional Court (judges'
appointments are confirmed by Parliament)
| LANGUAGES |
Latvian (official) 58.2%, Russian 37.5%, Lithuanian and other 4.3% (2000 census)
| BRIEF HISTORY |
| ECONOMIC OVERVIEW |
Latvia's economy experienced GDP growth of more than 10% per year during 2006-07 but entered a severe recession
in 2008 as a result of an unsustainable current account deficit and large debt exposure amid the softening world
economy. GDP plunged nearly 18% in 2009 - the three former Soviet Baltic republics had the world's worst declines
last year. The IMF, EU, and other donors provided assistance to Latvia as part of an agreement to defend the
currency's peg to the euro and reduce the fiscal deficit to about 5% of GDP. The majority of companies, banks, and real
estate have been privatized, although the state still holds sizable stakes in a few large enterprises. Latvia officially joined
the World Trade Organization in February 1999. EU membership, a top foreign policy goal, came in May 2004.
Source: CIA World Factbook (select Latvia)
in 2008 as a result of an unsustainable current account deficit and large debt exposure amid the softening world
economy. GDP plunged nearly 18% in 2009 - the three former Soviet Baltic republics had the world's worst declines
last year. The IMF, EU, and other donors provided assistance to Latvia as part of an agreement to defend the
currency's peg to the euro and reduce the fiscal deficit to about 5% of GDP. The majority of companies, banks, and real
estate have been privatized, although the state still holds sizable stakes in a few large enterprises. Latvia officially joined
the World Trade Organization in February 1999. EU membership, a top foreign policy goal, came in May 2004.
Source: CIA World Factbook (select Latvia)
| POLITICAL CLIMATE |
Kalvītis was the first prime minister in the history of post-soviet independent Latvia whose government was reelected by
an election in 2006. New Era Party, however, weakened, so a coalition reshuffle took place, and a 4-party centre-right
coalition emerged. The government lasted only until 5 December 2007, when Kalvitis resigned due to his continuous and
unsuccessful attempts to dismiss Aleksejs Loskutovs, the head of KNAB, the State Anti-Corruption Agency, after
Loskutov's having investigated shadowy matters of the PM's party.
After negotiations, a "crisis-handling" government was formed, with the participation of the same parties, led by former
PM Ivars Godmanis, a respectable public figure, and member of Latvian Way. The government tried to impose austerity
measures, with moderate success. This was accompanied, though, with a widespread public opposition, which resulted
in two referenda, one on pensions, the other on constitutional amendments, which would have allowed the electorate to
initiate the dissolution of the parliament.
Both of the referenda failed, but the country entered into the worst political crisis since the independence from the Soviet
Union, together with the economic situation severely deteriorating, due to the world financial crisis. The popularity of the
governing parties melted and was below the parliamentary threshold. By the end of 2008, parties had a hard time
agreeing on further budget cuts, (mainly in the social sphere) the planned reorganization of the government, and layoffs.
On 13 January 2009, there were severe riots in Riga, with protesters attacking the building of the parliament. The
President Valdis Zatlers gave an ultimatum to parties, saying that should they not agree on constitutional amendments
about the dissolution of the Saeima, he would dissolve the parliament by the end of March. After background talks and a
failed vote of no confidence, PM Ivars Godmanis chose to resign in late February. On the 26 February, Zatlers
nominated the candidate of New Era Party, MEP Valdis Dombrovskis to the post of prime minister. After talks, on 4
March 2009 five parties confirmed their participation in the coalition: New Era, People's Party, Union of Greens and
Peasants, For Fatherland and Freedom and Civic Union.
Source: Wikipedia: Politics of Latvia
an election in 2006. New Era Party, however, weakened, so a coalition reshuffle took place, and a 4-party centre-right
coalition emerged. The government lasted only until 5 December 2007, when Kalvitis resigned due to his continuous and
unsuccessful attempts to dismiss Aleksejs Loskutovs, the head of KNAB, the State Anti-Corruption Agency, after
Loskutov's having investigated shadowy matters of the PM's party.
After negotiations, a "crisis-handling" government was formed, with the participation of the same parties, led by former
PM Ivars Godmanis, a respectable public figure, and member of Latvian Way. The government tried to impose austerity
measures, with moderate success. This was accompanied, though, with a widespread public opposition, which resulted
in two referenda, one on pensions, the other on constitutional amendments, which would have allowed the electorate to
initiate the dissolution of the parliament.
Both of the referenda failed, but the country entered into the worst political crisis since the independence from the Soviet
Union, together with the economic situation severely deteriorating, due to the world financial crisis. The popularity of the
governing parties melted and was below the parliamentary threshold. By the end of 2008, parties had a hard time
agreeing on further budget cuts, (mainly in the social sphere) the planned reorganization of the government, and layoffs.
On 13 January 2009, there were severe riots in Riga, with protesters attacking the building of the parliament. The
President Valdis Zatlers gave an ultimatum to parties, saying that should they not agree on constitutional amendments
about the dissolution of the Saeima, he would dissolve the parliament by the end of March. After background talks and a
failed vote of no confidence, PM Ivars Godmanis chose to resign in late February. On the 26 February, Zatlers
nominated the candidate of New Era Party, MEP Valdis Dombrovskis to the post of prime minister. After talks, on 4
March 2009 five parties confirmed their participation in the coalition: New Era, People's Party, Union of Greens and
Peasants, For Fatherland and Freedom and Civic Union.
Source: Wikipedia: Politics of Latvia
| INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES |
Russia demands better Latvian treatment of ethnic Russians in Latvia; as of January 2007, ground demarcation of the
boundary with Belarus was complete and mapped with final ratification documentation in preparation; the Latvian
parliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns over oil
exploration rights; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Latvia has implemented the strict
Schengen border rules with Russia
boundary with Belarus was complete and mapped with final ratification documentation in preparation; the Latvian
parliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns over oil
exploration rights; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Latvia has implemented the strict
Schengen border rules with Russia
| REFUGEES AND INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS (IDP) |
None reported.
| ILLICIT DRUGS |
Transshipment and destination point for cocaine, synthetic drugs, opiates, and cannabis from Southwest Asia, Western
Europe, Latin America, and neighboring Balkan countries; despite improved legislation, vulnerable to money laundering
due to nascent enforcement capabilities and comparatively weak regulation of offshore companies and the gaming
industry; CIS organized crime (including counterfeiting, corruption, extortion, stolen cars, and prostitution) accounts for
most laundered proceeds
Europe, Latin America, and neighboring Balkan countries; despite improved legislation, vulnerable to money laundering
due to nascent enforcement capabilities and comparatively weak regulation of offshore companies and the gaming
industry; CIS organized crime (including counterfeiting, corruption, extortion, stolen cars, and prostitution) accounts for
most laundered proceeds
| HUMAN RIGHTS STATEMENTS, ANALYSIS AND CRITIQUES |
2009 Human Rights Report: Latvia
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
March 11, 2010
The Republic of Latvia, with a population of approximately 2.2 million, is a parliamentary, multiparty democracy. Legislative
authority is vested in the unicameral Saeima (parliament). Elections in 2006 for the 100-seat parliament were considered free and
fair. Civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces.
Human rights problems included:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
March 11, 2010
The Republic of Latvia, with a population of approximately 2.2 million, is a parliamentary, multiparty democracy. Legislative
authority is vested in the unicameral Saeima (parliament). Elections in 2006 for the 100-seat parliament were considered free and
fair. Civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces.
Human rights problems included:
- serious police abuse of detainees and arrestees;
- poor conditions at police detention facilities;
- poor conditions and overcrowding in prisons;
- judicial corruption;
- violence against women;
- child abuse;
- trafficking in persons;
- abusive behavior targeting ethnic and racial minorities that involved hate speech on the Internet.
13 July 2009
HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL
Twelfth session
Agenda item 3
PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF ALL HUMAN RIGHTS, CIVIL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND
CULTURAL RIGHTS, INCLUDING THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, Najat M’jid Maalla*
MISSION TO LATVIA
Summary
The Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography conducted a country visit to Latvia from
25 to 31 October 2008 during which she met with government officials and representatives of non-governmental organizations, and
visited centres engaged in protecting the rights of the child.
The purpose of the visit was to explore the incidence of the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography in Latvia as
well as to examine and assess the system of child protection more generally, including the availability of specific measures designed
to protect child victims of sale or sexual exploitation, such as rehabilitation and social reintegration.
The Special Rapporteur observes that significant efforts have been made at the legislative and policy levels in the area of protecting
the rights of the child. The number of reported cases of child prostitution and trafficking of children for sexual purposes is low.
However, all actors with whom the Special Rapporteur met were of the view that child pornography, mainly via the Internet, was
on the rise. The Special Rapporteur is of the opinion that vigilance is required and that efforts should be concentrated on
prevention, including the provision of adequate training and sufficient human and financial resources, to ensure effective measures
to protect children and prevent violations.
An increasing number of families in difficulty are incapable of protecting their children. Difficulties are mainly financial, or alcohol-
or abuse-related. Coupled with the proliferation of tourism, easy accessibility of new methods of information technology by
children, increasing demand in the sex industry and the establishment of increasingly structured trafficking networks, children are
increasingly vulnerable to risk of abuse, violence and exploitation. The Special Rapporteur recalls the importance of a holistic
approach to the fundamental rights of children, paving the way for the implementation of social policies which favour children,
youth and the family.
Click here to read more »
HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL
Twelfth session
Agenda item 3
PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF ALL HUMAN RIGHTS, CIVIL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND
CULTURAL RIGHTS, INCLUDING THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, Najat M’jid Maalla*
MISSION TO LATVIA
Summary
The Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography conducted a country visit to Latvia from
25 to 31 October 2008 during which she met with government officials and representatives of non-governmental organizations, and
visited centres engaged in protecting the rights of the child.
The purpose of the visit was to explore the incidence of the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography in Latvia as
well as to examine and assess the system of child protection more generally, including the availability of specific measures designed
to protect child victims of sale or sexual exploitation, such as rehabilitation and social reintegration.
The Special Rapporteur observes that significant efforts have been made at the legislative and policy levels in the area of protecting
the rights of the child. The number of reported cases of child prostitution and trafficking of children for sexual purposes is low.
However, all actors with whom the Special Rapporteur met were of the view that child pornography, mainly via the Internet, was
on the rise. The Special Rapporteur is of the opinion that vigilance is required and that efforts should be concentrated on
prevention, including the provision of adequate training and sufficient human and financial resources, to ensure effective measures
to protect children and prevent violations.
An increasing number of families in difficulty are incapable of protecting their children. Difficulties are mainly financial, or alcohol-
or abuse-related. Coupled with the proliferation of tourism, easy accessibility of new methods of information technology by
children, increasing demand in the sex industry and the establishment of increasingly structured trafficking networks, children are
increasingly vulnerable to risk of abuse, violence and exploitation. The Special Rapporteur recalls the importance of a holistic
approach to the fundamental rights of children, paving the way for the implementation of social policies which favour children,
youth and the family.
Click here to read more »
Freedom In The World Report- 2010
Political Rights Score: 2
Civil Liberties Score: 1
Status: Free
Overview
The public’s deep distrust of Latvia’s government in the face of a deepening economic crisis was underscored by a major protest
in January 2009 which turned violent and resulted in more than two dozen injuries. In response, President Valdis Zatlers issued an
ultimatum that the government pass certain reforms or he would call for a referendum to dissolve Parliament. After the government
collapsed in February and a new coalition led by the New Era Party was formed the following month, several key reforms were
adopted. The new government spent much of the rest of 2009 imposing budget cuts in the midst of an extremely severe
contraction of Latvia’s economy.
In the face of a deepening economic crisis, thousands of Latvians marched on the Parliament building in January 2009. The protest
began as a peaceful demand for the government’s resignation, but it escalated into the most violent protest the country had
experienced since independence after several hundred people threw stones at the Parliament building and looted stores. More than
two dozen people were injured, and more than 100 were detained by police. The following day, President Zatlers issued an
ultimatum that the government adopt key reforms, including constitutional amendments which would provide for the appointment
of a head of the KNAB, allow the public to dismiss Parliament by referendum, and increase oversight of economic development. If
the reforms were not passed by the end of March, Zatlers said he would call for a referendum to dissolve Parliament.
On February 20, the four-party ruling coalition collapsed after two coalition partners withdrew their support. A new government
was formed shortly thereafter, composed of the New Era Party, the People’s Party, ZZS, TB/LNNK, and the Civic Union. New
Era’s Valdis Dombrovskis, a former finance minister and member of the European Parliament, was appointed prime minister. In
March,Zatlers chose not to follow through with his threats to dissolve Parliament, citing progress on several of his reform
demands, including strengthening oversight of international funding and the appointment of Normunds Vilitus as the new director of
the KNAB. Subsequently, constitutional amendments were approved allowing voters to initiate a national referendum to dissolve
Parliament.
The new government spent the rest of 2009 enacting spending cuts as Latvia suffered one of the deepest economic recessions in
the world. Real GDP declined by about 18 percent at the end of the year, and unemployment had reached around 20 percent.
Meanwhile, public dissatisfaction with the country’s dominant parties continued to increase; the new Civic Union party and
Harmony Center led in June European Parliament elections, and Harmony Center also won a majority in Riga’s June municipal
elections.
Click here to read more »
Political Rights Score: 2
Civil Liberties Score: 1
Status: Free
Overview
The public’s deep distrust of Latvia’s government in the face of a deepening economic crisis was underscored by a major protest
in January 2009 which turned violent and resulted in more than two dozen injuries. In response, President Valdis Zatlers issued an
ultimatum that the government pass certain reforms or he would call for a referendum to dissolve Parliament. After the government
collapsed in February and a new coalition led by the New Era Party was formed the following month, several key reforms were
adopted. The new government spent much of the rest of 2009 imposing budget cuts in the midst of an extremely severe
contraction of Latvia’s economy.
In the face of a deepening economic crisis, thousands of Latvians marched on the Parliament building in January 2009. The protest
began as a peaceful demand for the government’s resignation, but it escalated into the most violent protest the country had
experienced since independence after several hundred people threw stones at the Parliament building and looted stores. More than
two dozen people were injured, and more than 100 were detained by police. The following day, President Zatlers issued an
ultimatum that the government adopt key reforms, including constitutional amendments which would provide for the appointment
of a head of the KNAB, allow the public to dismiss Parliament by referendum, and increase oversight of economic development. If
the reforms were not passed by the end of March, Zatlers said he would call for a referendum to dissolve Parliament.
On February 20, the four-party ruling coalition collapsed after two coalition partners withdrew their support. A new government
was formed shortly thereafter, composed of the New Era Party, the People’s Party, ZZS, TB/LNNK, and the Civic Union. New
Era’s Valdis Dombrovskis, a former finance minister and member of the European Parliament, was appointed prime minister. In
March,Zatlers chose not to follow through with his threats to dissolve Parliament, citing progress on several of his reform
demands, including strengthening oversight of international funding and the appointment of Normunds Vilitus as the new director of
the KNAB. Subsequently, constitutional amendments were approved allowing voters to initiate a national referendum to dissolve
Parliament.
The new government spent the rest of 2009 enacting spending cuts as Latvia suffered one of the deepest economic recessions in
the world. Real GDP declined by about 18 percent at the end of the year, and unemployment had reached around 20 percent.
Meanwhile, public dissatisfaction with the country’s dominant parties continued to increase; the new Civic Union party and
Harmony Center led in June European Parliament elections, and Harmony Center also won a majority in Riga’s June municipal
elections.
Click here to read more »
Mixed weekend for LGBT marches
18 May 2009
The first ever Baltic Pride march in Riga, Latvia passed off successfully and peacefully on Saturday - but there was violence at
similar events in Russia and Poland.
A colourful collection of LGBT rights activists, joined by Amnesty International members from across Europe, carried rainbow
flags and banners at the inaugural Baltic Pride event in Riga.
The march had initially been banned after opposition from local councillors but Riga's Municipal Court overturned the ban the day
before the event. The march attracted a group of noisy counter-demonstrators but the event remained peaceful.
"We’re proud to be marching with you here today. It’s a march and a celebration," Amnesty International’s John Dalhuisen told the
crowd.
"This march must go on beyond this one day. Amnesty International will be marching with you towards the full enjoyment of your
rights. Now let’s celebrate!"
The mood was very different in Moscow as police violently dispersed demonstrators at the Slavic Pride march, which had been
banned by the authorities.
Media reports suggest that between 25 and 80 activists were arrested as they protested against discrimination of LGBT people. Riot
police charged the group and several people were detained.
“The police brutality that we witnessed is shocking," said organiser Nikolai Alekseev.
"We planned a peaceful march to highlight the dire state of LGBT rights in Russia today. The police, given violent legitimacy by the
openly homophobic Moscow Mayor Yury Luzhkov, did not hold back with their weapons, despite the world’s media watching."
Click here to read more »
18 May 2009
The first ever Baltic Pride march in Riga, Latvia passed off successfully and peacefully on Saturday - but there was violence at
similar events in Russia and Poland.
A colourful collection of LGBT rights activists, joined by Amnesty International members from across Europe, carried rainbow
flags and banners at the inaugural Baltic Pride event in Riga.
The march had initially been banned after opposition from local councillors but Riga's Municipal Court overturned the ban the day
before the event. The march attracted a group of noisy counter-demonstrators but the event remained peaceful.
"We’re proud to be marching with you here today. It’s a march and a celebration," Amnesty International’s John Dalhuisen told the
crowd.
"This march must go on beyond this one day. Amnesty International will be marching with you towards the full enjoyment of your
rights. Now let’s celebrate!"
The mood was very different in Moscow as police violently dispersed demonstrators at the Slavic Pride march, which had been
banned by the authorities.
Media reports suggest that between 25 and 80 activists were arrested as they protested against discrimination of LGBT people. Riot
police charged the group and several people were detained.
“The police brutality that we witnessed is shocking," said organiser Nikolai Alekseev.
"We planned a peaceful march to highlight the dire state of LGBT rights in Russia today. The police, given violent legitimacy by the
openly homophobic Moscow Mayor Yury Luzhkov, did not hold back with their weapons, despite the world’s media watching."
Click here to read more »
Latvia: Investigate Attacks on Gay Activists
(New York, July 26, 2006)
Latvian authorities should investigate and prosecute those responsible for the attacks on peaceful lesbian and gay pride activists in
Riga on July 22, Human Rights Watch said today in a letter to Latvian Prime Minister Aigars Kalvitis. Latvia must also adhere to its
human rights obligations as a member of the European Union and the Council of Europe, and permit and protect future gay pride
activities.
On July 21, the Administrative Court of Latvia upheld a Riga City Council decision denying an application by several lesbian, gay,
bisexual and transgender (LGBT) organizations for “Riga Pride 2006,” scheduled to take place on July 22. Other events held on
July 22, as alternative celebrations to the banned march, were targeted by crowds of anti-gay protesters who pelted participants
and LGBT activists with eggs, rotten food, and human excrement.
“By banning the pride parade Latvian authorities bowed to the intolerance they should be preventing,” said Jessica Stern, researcher
in the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights Program at Human Rights Watch. “When officials deny rights on
discriminatory grounds, they encourage division and violence.”
At one of the alternative events attended by lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Latvians, a service held in the Anglican Church in
Riga on July 22, anti-gay protesters gathered outside. When participants exited the church service, anti-gay protesters began
verbally abusing them and pelted them with excrement and other projectiles. The few police who were there reportedly refused
requests from some of the participants for protection as they left the church under attack from the mob.
Later that day, lesbians, gays, and their supporters – including clergy, a member of the European Parliament, and members of
national parliaments from several European countries – held a meeting and news conference at the Reval Hotel Latvija. Dozens of
anti-gay demonstrators again gathered outside the main entrance, pelting LGBT community members and supporters as they left the
hotel, and nearly running a taxi carrying LGBT people off the road. Police presence at both locations was inadequate to ensure the
safety of the LGBT community, although the police have apparently advised journalists that 14 persons were arrested in connection
with the events.
Click here to read more »
(New York, July 26, 2006)
Latvian authorities should investigate and prosecute those responsible for the attacks on peaceful lesbian and gay pride activists in
Riga on July 22, Human Rights Watch said today in a letter to Latvian Prime Minister Aigars Kalvitis. Latvia must also adhere to its
human rights obligations as a member of the European Union and the Council of Europe, and permit and protect future gay pride
activities.
On July 21, the Administrative Court of Latvia upheld a Riga City Council decision denying an application by several lesbian, gay,
bisexual and transgender (LGBT) organizations for “Riga Pride 2006,” scheduled to take place on July 22. Other events held on
July 22, as alternative celebrations to the banned march, were targeted by crowds of anti-gay protesters who pelted participants
and LGBT activists with eggs, rotten food, and human excrement.
“By banning the pride parade Latvian authorities bowed to the intolerance they should be preventing,” said Jessica Stern, researcher
in the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights Program at Human Rights Watch. “When officials deny rights on
discriminatory grounds, they encourage division and violence.”
At one of the alternative events attended by lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Latvians, a service held in the Anglican Church in
Riga on July 22, anti-gay protesters gathered outside. When participants exited the church service, anti-gay protesters began
verbally abusing them and pelted them with excrement and other projectiles. The few police who were there reportedly refused
requests from some of the participants for protection as they left the church under attack from the mob.
Later that day, lesbians, gays, and their supporters – including clergy, a member of the European Parliament, and members of
national parliaments from several European countries – held a meeting and news conference at the Reval Hotel Latvija. Dozens of
anti-gay demonstrators again gathered outside the main entrance, pelting LGBT community members and supporters as they left the
hotel, and nearly running a taxi carrying LGBT people off the road. Police presence at both locations was inadequate to ensure the
safety of the LGBT community, although the police have apparently advised journalists that 14 persons were arrested in connection
with the events.
Click here to read more »
Intervention of Ambassador Jānis Mažeiks, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Latvia to the UN in Geneva in the
panel discussion "Right to the truth" at the 13th session of the Human Rights Council [11 Mar 2010]
Right to the truth is essential to healing in any society that has experienced war, gross violations of human rights or totalitarian
repression.
Latvia is one of the countries that have emerged from the bloodiest war of the 20th century and oppression by two totalitarian
regimes. Almost two hundred thousands of Latvian citizens perished during World War II, including almost the totality of Latvia's
Jewish community in the Holocaust. Tens of thousands were imprisoned, deported or shot without trial before, during and after the
war by the two regimes.
Since the reestablishment of independence Latvia has worked to establish the full picture of what happened during the war and during
Nazi and Stalinist repressions and to honour all victims of the totalitarian regimes. A number of institutions have been established that
are active in the area, including the Centre for Documenting the Consequences of Totalitarianism, as well as an international
Historian's Commission under the auspices of the President of Latvia. The latter has published 25 volumes of research papers since its
establishment in 1998.
There are still a number of issues where further work is necessary, including through more effective international cooperation.
The gravesites of victims should be marked so that the relatives can honour their loved ones. To the extent possible, individual graves
should be established and marked.
The archives should be open both to relatives of the victims and to the researchers; no undue restrictions should be placed on the
access to the files. While protecting personal information of the victims is important, this should not hamper understanding of what
happened 70 years ago.
Attempts to whitewash past crimes should be countered. One can not only speak about the right to truth but also of the duty of
memory. Establishing the truth and remembering it is essential for the sustainability of democracy and respect for human rights in any
society. Unless the duty of memory is upheld, unless there is clarity about the crimes of the past, unless there is clarity about the
victims and the perpetrators of these crimes, there is no guarantee for preventing gliding back. Attempts at glorification of the
totalitarian past or of totalitarian leaders show the need for continued free and honest discussion. Today's discussion on the right to
the truth is a valuable contribution to upholding our collective duty of memory.
Click here to read more »
panel discussion "Right to the truth" at the 13th session of the Human Rights Council [11 Mar 2010]
Right to the truth is essential to healing in any society that has experienced war, gross violations of human rights or totalitarian
repression.
Latvia is one of the countries that have emerged from the bloodiest war of the 20th century and oppression by two totalitarian
regimes. Almost two hundred thousands of Latvian citizens perished during World War II, including almost the totality of Latvia's
Jewish community in the Holocaust. Tens of thousands were imprisoned, deported or shot without trial before, during and after the
war by the two regimes.
Since the reestablishment of independence Latvia has worked to establish the full picture of what happened during the war and during
Nazi and Stalinist repressions and to honour all victims of the totalitarian regimes. A number of institutions have been established that
are active in the area, including the Centre for Documenting the Consequences of Totalitarianism, as well as an international
Historian's Commission under the auspices of the President of Latvia. The latter has published 25 volumes of research papers since its
establishment in 1998.
There are still a number of issues where further work is necessary, including through more effective international cooperation.
The gravesites of victims should be marked so that the relatives can honour their loved ones. To the extent possible, individual graves
should be established and marked.
The archives should be open both to relatives of the victims and to the researchers; no undue restrictions should be placed on the
access to the files. While protecting personal information of the victims is important, this should not hamper understanding of what
happened 70 years ago.
Attempts to whitewash past crimes should be countered. One can not only speak about the right to truth but also of the duty of
memory. Establishing the truth and remembering it is essential for the sustainability of democracy and respect for human rights in any
society. Unless the duty of memory is upheld, unless there is clarity about the crimes of the past, unless there is clarity about the
victims and the perpetrators of these crimes, there is no guarantee for preventing gliding back. Attempts at glorification of the
totalitarian past or of totalitarian leaders show the need for continued free and honest discussion. Today's discussion on the right to
the truth is a valuable contribution to upholding our collective duty of memory.
Click here to read more »
TRANSLATED FROM LATVIAN BY GOOGLE TRANSLATE
Ombudsman's Office: Recalls the role of the judiciary in a democratic country and that the judiciary is the constitutional
and democratic protection, with a personal exercise of fundamental rights, even contrary to the legislature or government
02/07/2010
In response to the Latvian media, information and statements aired on July 1, 2010, missed march organized by the U. Mr.
Freimanis, Ombudsman's Office wishes to express its views on those facts and points to further this.
Any Latvian citizen has the right to express their views through all of the Law on Meetings, Processions and Pickets "the peaceable
assembly, freedom of expression.
The government's responsibility is to ensure that the country would establish the mechanism (regulatory framework), how
individuals can realize the possibility of assembly. Also has the responsibility to ensure that the assembly would not be violated and
freedom of assembly is not subject to any restrictions except those which are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic
society to safeguard national and public security, the prevention of disorder or crime, protect public health and morals, as well as
other human rights and freedoms.
Currently, the Ombudsman's office has no information to comment on the allegations or facts about the real threats to national and
public security and order. It should be seen in the court complaint case. However, Ombudsman's Office wishes to state that now
the media room aired information about the purpose of travel may have been taught a distorted way.
Following the Ombudsman's Office's information, Mr. U. Freimanis had applied for the Riga municipality march, which stated
objective: "to travel from Riga to note 69.gadadienu released from the Soviet occupiers", and therefore are not confirmed
information that the march organizers was to glorify the Nazi regime.
Ombudsman's Office reiterates the importance of the judiciary in a democratic country and that the judiciary is the constitutional
and democratic protection, with a personal exercise of fundamental rights contrary to the legislature or even the government's view.
Like the Ombudsman's Office wants to mention the fact that the Constitutional Court in its case law has already stated that "the
State in protecting the freedom of assembly may not examine the specific measures in their content. National protection of concrete
measures should be differentiated from those expressed in the idea of conformity of national or certain public beliefs. Precisely in
the fact that freedom of assembly is an effective tool, which [..] can be used to express their views, freedom of assembly is hiding
a large role in democratic society. Since the assembly normally serves [..] the interests and public expression of opinion, national
duty in this case is to be tolerant and it enjoys the mechanisms Do not suppress the expression of opinion as long as it is considered
acceptable in a democratic society. "
Click here to read more »
Ombudsman's Office: Recalls the role of the judiciary in a democratic country and that the judiciary is the constitutional
and democratic protection, with a personal exercise of fundamental rights, even contrary to the legislature or government
02/07/2010
In response to the Latvian media, information and statements aired on July 1, 2010, missed march organized by the U. Mr.
Freimanis, Ombudsman's Office wishes to express its views on those facts and points to further this.
Any Latvian citizen has the right to express their views through all of the Law on Meetings, Processions and Pickets "the peaceable
assembly, freedom of expression.
The government's responsibility is to ensure that the country would establish the mechanism (regulatory framework), how
individuals can realize the possibility of assembly. Also has the responsibility to ensure that the assembly would not be violated and
freedom of assembly is not subject to any restrictions except those which are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic
society to safeguard national and public security, the prevention of disorder or crime, protect public health and morals, as well as
other human rights and freedoms.
Currently, the Ombudsman's office has no information to comment on the allegations or facts about the real threats to national and
public security and order. It should be seen in the court complaint case. However, Ombudsman's Office wishes to state that now
the media room aired information about the purpose of travel may have been taught a distorted way.
Following the Ombudsman's Office's information, Mr. U. Freimanis had applied for the Riga municipality march, which stated
objective: "to travel from Riga to note 69.gadadienu released from the Soviet occupiers", and therefore are not confirmed
information that the march organizers was to glorify the Nazi regime.
Ombudsman's Office reiterates the importance of the judiciary in a democratic country and that the judiciary is the constitutional
and democratic protection, with a personal exercise of fundamental rights contrary to the legislature or even the government's view.
Like the Ombudsman's Office wants to mention the fact that the Constitutional Court in its case law has already stated that "the
State in protecting the freedom of assembly may not examine the specific measures in their content. National protection of concrete
measures should be differentiated from those expressed in the idea of conformity of national or certain public beliefs. Precisely in
the fact that freedom of assembly is an effective tool, which [..] can be used to express their views, freedom of assembly is hiding
a large role in democratic society. Since the assembly normally serves [..] the interests and public expression of opinion, national
duty in this case is to be tolerant and it enjoys the mechanisms Do not suppress the expression of opinion as long as it is considered
acceptable in a democratic society. "
Click here to read more »
Implemented training courses for selected "Different customers in a diverse Latvian"
Published: 06/11/2010
From 2010. On the 11th May 31st May, the Latvian Centre for Human Rights implemented a course of training cycles "Different
customers in a diverse Latvian". The course aimed to build the institutional staff competencies and skills that provide state-
guaranteed services to third-country nationals.
Overall, the four courses, each of which lasted two days, attended by more than 80 participants: representatives of state
institutions, municipalities and social workers, medical workers and policemen. Importantly, the desire to participate in courses
showed more than 160 people who confirm such a role and need training.
During the training course participants were provided with both theoretical knowledge and practical suggestions for work in a
diverse society. To encourage active member participation rates were used in the context of interactive teaching methods: lectures,
practical work, role plays, videos and written analysis.
Course cycle consisted of five parts:
1) Introduction to cultural diversity. Course objective: to familiarize participants with the cultural issues in today's world, cultural
differences in the effects of exposure, as well as help develop the ability to successfully work with other cultures.
2) Introduction - What is discrimination? Course objective: to give participants the understanding of discrimination, its causes,
foundations and manifestations, as well as information on assistance options in case of discrimination.
3) Diversity Management. Course objective: to present the diversity and diversity management concepts, analyze the benefits of
effective diversity management and key challenges, as well as give insight into the diversity of management strategies and
implementation activities.
4) Positive action. Course objective: To introduce the concept of affirmative action, related concepts and regulations, and the
implementation of affirmative action on practical issues and practices.
5) The EU and the Latvian good practice analysis. Course objective: to present a diversity management best practices at the
European Union and Latvian, analyzing both the national and local institutions and business companies. Particular attention paid to
diversity initiatives in the area of services, because service providers such as police and medical staff often have to face every day
with clients, representing different groups in society.
Training conducted by representatives of the Latvian Centre for Human Sigita Zankovska-Odiņa, Boris Kolčanovs and Kaspars
Zālītis.
The course was conducted in the selected third-country nationals for the Integration Fund and the Latvian national project
"Different customers in a diverse Latvian (2008/3.1.1./1) context.
Under the project, the end of June will be issued training materials on diversity, which will be available both in the Latvian Centre
for Human Rights website, and will be sent to industry professionals.
Click here to read more >>
Published: 06/11/2010
From 2010. On the 11th May 31st May, the Latvian Centre for Human Rights implemented a course of training cycles "Different
customers in a diverse Latvian". The course aimed to build the institutional staff competencies and skills that provide state-
guaranteed services to third-country nationals.
Overall, the four courses, each of which lasted two days, attended by more than 80 participants: representatives of state
institutions, municipalities and social workers, medical workers and policemen. Importantly, the desire to participate in courses
showed more than 160 people who confirm such a role and need training.
During the training course participants were provided with both theoretical knowledge and practical suggestions for work in a
diverse society. To encourage active member participation rates were used in the context of interactive teaching methods: lectures,
practical work, role plays, videos and written analysis.
Course cycle consisted of five parts:
1) Introduction to cultural diversity. Course objective: to familiarize participants with the cultural issues in today's world, cultural
differences in the effects of exposure, as well as help develop the ability to successfully work with other cultures.
2) Introduction - What is discrimination? Course objective: to give participants the understanding of discrimination, its causes,
foundations and manifestations, as well as information on assistance options in case of discrimination.
3) Diversity Management. Course objective: to present the diversity and diversity management concepts, analyze the benefits of
effective diversity management and key challenges, as well as give insight into the diversity of management strategies and
implementation activities.
4) Positive action. Course objective: To introduce the concept of affirmative action, related concepts and regulations, and the
implementation of affirmative action on practical issues and practices.
5) The EU and the Latvian good practice analysis. Course objective: to present a diversity management best practices at the
European Union and Latvian, analyzing both the national and local institutions and business companies. Particular attention paid to
diversity initiatives in the area of services, because service providers such as police and medical staff often have to face every day
with clients, representing different groups in society.
Training conducted by representatives of the Latvian Centre for Human Sigita Zankovska-Odiņa, Boris Kolčanovs and Kaspars
Zālītis.
The course was conducted in the selected third-country nationals for the Integration Fund and the Latvian national project
"Different customers in a diverse Latvian (2008/3.1.1./1) context.
Under the project, the end of June will be issued training materials on diversity, which will be available both in the Latvian Centre
for Human Rights website, and will be sent to industry professionals.
Click here to read more >>
The proto-Baltic forefathers of the Latvian people have lived on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea since the third
millennium BC. At the beginning of this era the territory known today as Latvia became famous as a trading crossroads.
The famous "route from the Vikings to the Greeks" mentioned in ancient chronicles stretched from Scandinavia through
Latvian territory via the River Daugava to the ancient Rus and Byzantine Empire. The ancient Balts of this time actively
participated in the trading network. Across the European continent, Latvia's coast was known as a place for obtaining
amber. Up to and into the Middle Ages amber was more valuable than gold in many places. Latvian amber was known
in places as far away as Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire. In the 10th century AD, the ancient Balts started to
form specific tribal realms. Gradually, four individual Baltic tribal cultures developed: Cameroonians, Lat galleons,
Estonians, Semi galleons. The largest of them was the Lat galleon tribe, which was the most advanced in its socio-
political development. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Cameroonians maintained a lifestyle of intensive invasions that
included looting and pillaging. On the west coast of the Baltic Sea, they became known as the "Baltic Vikings". But the
Estonians and Somalians, during this time, were known as peace-loving and prosperous farmers. Because of its strategic
geographic location, Latvian territory has always been invaded by other larger nations, and this situation has defined the
fate of Latvia and its people. At the end of the 12th century, Latvia was more often visited by traders from western
Europe who set out on trading journeys along Latvia's longest river, the Daugava, to Russia. At the very end of the 12th
century, German traders arrived and with them came preachers of the Christian faith who attempted to convert the
pagan Baltic and Fono-ugrian tribes to the Christian faith. The Balts did not willingly convert to the new and different
beliefs and practices, and particularly opposed the ritual of christening. News of this reached the Pope in Rome and it
was decided that Crusaders would be sent into Latvia to influence the situation. The Germans founded Riga in 1201, and
gradually it became the largest and most beautiful city in the southern part of the Baltic Sea. With the arrival of the
German Crusaders, the development of separate tribal realms of the ancient Latvians came to an end. In the 13th
century, the Livonian Confederation developed under the Germanic authorities consisting of Latvia and Estonia. In 1282,
RīGa and later Cēsis, Limboži, Jones and Almira were included in the Northern German Trading Organisation, or the
Hanseatic League (Jansa). From this time, Riga became an important point in west-east trading. RīGa, being the centre
of the eastern Baltic region, formed close cultural contacts with Western Europe. The 1490s were a time of great
changes for the inhabitants of Latvia, notable for the reformation and the collapse of the Livonian nation. After the
Livonian War (1558-1583) today's Latvian territory came under Polish-Lithuanian rule. The Lutheran faith was
accepted in Jereme, Zemgale and Vidzeme, but the Roman Catholic faith maintained its dominance in Latgale – it
remains so to this day. In the 17th century, the Duchy of Courland, once a part of Livonia, experienced a notable
economic boom. It established two colonies – an island in the estuary of the Gambia River (in Africa) and Tobago Island
(in the Caribbean Sea). Names from this period still survive today in these places. However after the Polish-Swedish
war (1600-1629) Rīga came under Swedish rule in 1621. It became the largest and most developed Swedish City.
During this time Vidzeme was known as the "Swedish Bread Basket" because it supplied the larger part of the Swedish
kingdom with wheat. The rest of Latvia stayed Polish until the second partition of Poland in 1793, when it became
Russian. Consolidation of the Latvian nation occurred in the 17th century. With the merging of the Couronians,
Latgallians, Selonians, Semgallians and Livonians (Finno-Ugrians, in Latvian called: lībieši or līvi) a culturally unified
nation was developed – the Latvians (in Latvian: latvieši) that spoke a common language called Latvian language (in
Latvian: latviešu valoda). In 1700, the Great Northern War broke out. The course of this war was directly linked with
today's Latvian territory and the territorial claims of the Russian Empire. One of its goals was to secure the famous and
rich town of Riga. In 1710, the Russian Tsar, Peter I, managed to secure Vidzeme. Through Vidzeme to Riga, Russia
obtained a clear passage to Europe. By the end of the 18th century, due to the Polish Partitions, all of Latvia's territory
was under Russian rule. Serfdom was abolished in Courland in 1818 and Vidzeme in 1819. In 1849, a law granted a
legal basis for the creation of peasant-owned farms. Reforms were slower in Latgale where serfdom was only abolished
in 1861. Industry developed quickly and the number of the inhabitants grew. Latvia became one of Russia's most
developed provinces. In the 19th century, the first Latvian National Awakening began among ethnic Latvian intellectuals,
a movement that partly reflected similar nationalist trends elsewhere in Europe. This revival was led by the "Young
Latvians" (in Latvian: jaunlatvieši) from the 1850s to the 1880s. Primarily a literary and cultural movement with significant
political implications, the Young Latvians soon came into severe conflict with the Baltic Germans. With increasing
pauperization in rural areas and growing urbanization, a loose but broad leftist movement called the "New Current" arose
in the late 1880s. Led by Rainis and Pēteris Stučka, editors of the newspaper Dienas Lapa, this movement was soon
influenced by Marxism and led to the creation of the Latvian Social Democratic Labour Party. Latvia in the 20th century
saw an explosion of popular discontent in the 1905 Revolution. The idea of an independent Latvia became a reality at
the beginning of the 1900s. The course of World War I (WWI) activated the idea of independence. WWI directly
involved Latvians and Latvian territory. Latvian riflemen (latviešu strēlnieki) fought on the Russian side during this war,
and earned recognition for their bravery far into Europe. During the Russian civil war (1917-1922), Latvians fought on
both sides with a significant group (known as Latvian red riflemen) supporting the Bolsheviks. In the autumn of 1919 the
red Latvian division participated in a major battle against the "white" anti-bolshevik army headed by the Russian general
Anton Denikin. See also Latvian War of Independence. Latvia was ostensibly included within the German-led United
Baltic Duchy, but this collapsed after the defeat of the German Empire in 1918. The post-war confusion was a suitable
opportunity for the development of an independent nation. Latvia proclaimed independence shortly after the end of
WWI – on November 18, 1918 which is now the Independence Day in Latvia. The first major power to recognise
Latvia's independence was the Russian SFSR (on August 11, 1920), which relinquished authority over the Latvian
nation and claims to Latvian territory once and for all times. However, future actions proved that these had been empty
promises. The international community recognized Latvia's independence on January 26, 1921, and the recognition from
many other countries followed soon. In this year Latvia also became a member of the League of Nations (September
22, 1921). Because of the world economic crisis there was a growing dissatisfaction among the population at the
beginning of the 1930s. The Soviet Union guaranteed its interests in the Baltics with the signing of the Molotov-
Ribbentrop pact between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany on August 23, 1939. Under threat of invasion,[4] Latvia
(as did Estonia and Lithuania) signed a mutual assistance pact with Soviet Union, providing for the stationing of up to
25,000 troops on Latvian soil. Latvia was incorporated into the Soviet Union on August 5, 1940. During the night from
the 13th to the 14th of June, 1941, thousands of Latvian inhabitants were deported to Siberia. 35,000 people were
deported in the first year of Soviet occupation (131,500 across the Baltics). The Nazi invasion, launched a week later,
cut short immediate plans to deport several hundred thousand more from the Baltics. Nazi troops occupied Riga on July
1, 1941. Immediately after the installment of German authority, a process of eliminating the Jewish and Gypsy population
began, with many killings taking place in Rumbula. In 1944, part of the Latvian territory once more came under Soviet
control. A notable step towards restoration of independence was taken on May 4, 1990. The Latvian SSR Supreme
Council, elected in the first democratic elections since 1930s, adopted a declaration restoring independence that
included a transition period. On the August 21, 1991 parliament voted for an end to the transition period, thus restoring
Latvia's pre-war independence. On September 6, 1991 Latvian independence was once again recognised by the USSR.
Soon after reinstating independence, Latvia became a member of the United Nations and swiftly returned to the flock of
democratic nations in the free world. In 2004 Latvia's most important, according to some interpretations, foreign policy
goals - membership of the European Union and NATO - were fulfilled. On April 2, Latvia became a member of NATO
and on May 1, Latvia together with other two Baltic States became a member of European Union.
Sources: Wikipedia: History of Latvia
millennium BC. At the beginning of this era the territory known today as Latvia became famous as a trading crossroads.
The famous "route from the Vikings to the Greeks" mentioned in ancient chronicles stretched from Scandinavia through
Latvian territory via the River Daugava to the ancient Rus and Byzantine Empire. The ancient Balts of this time actively
participated in the trading network. Across the European continent, Latvia's coast was known as a place for obtaining
amber. Up to and into the Middle Ages amber was more valuable than gold in many places. Latvian amber was known
in places as far away as Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire. In the 10th century AD, the ancient Balts started to
form specific tribal realms. Gradually, four individual Baltic tribal cultures developed: Cameroonians, Lat galleons,
Estonians, Semi galleons. The largest of them was the Lat galleon tribe, which was the most advanced in its socio-
political development. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Cameroonians maintained a lifestyle of intensive invasions that
included looting and pillaging. On the west coast of the Baltic Sea, they became known as the "Baltic Vikings". But the
Estonians and Somalians, during this time, were known as peace-loving and prosperous farmers. Because of its strategic
geographic location, Latvian territory has always been invaded by other larger nations, and this situation has defined the
fate of Latvia and its people. At the end of the 12th century, Latvia was more often visited by traders from western
Europe who set out on trading journeys along Latvia's longest river, the Daugava, to Russia. At the very end of the 12th
century, German traders arrived and with them came preachers of the Christian faith who attempted to convert the
pagan Baltic and Fono-ugrian tribes to the Christian faith. The Balts did not willingly convert to the new and different
beliefs and practices, and particularly opposed the ritual of christening. News of this reached the Pope in Rome and it
was decided that Crusaders would be sent into Latvia to influence the situation. The Germans founded Riga in 1201, and
gradually it became the largest and most beautiful city in the southern part of the Baltic Sea. With the arrival of the
German Crusaders, the development of separate tribal realms of the ancient Latvians came to an end. In the 13th
century, the Livonian Confederation developed under the Germanic authorities consisting of Latvia and Estonia. In 1282,
RīGa and later Cēsis, Limboži, Jones and Almira were included in the Northern German Trading Organisation, or the
Hanseatic League (Jansa). From this time, Riga became an important point in west-east trading. RīGa, being the centre
of the eastern Baltic region, formed close cultural contacts with Western Europe. The 1490s were a time of great
changes for the inhabitants of Latvia, notable for the reformation and the collapse of the Livonian nation. After the
Livonian War (1558-1583) today's Latvian territory came under Polish-Lithuanian rule. The Lutheran faith was
accepted in Jereme, Zemgale and Vidzeme, but the Roman Catholic faith maintained its dominance in Latgale – it
remains so to this day. In the 17th century, the Duchy of Courland, once a part of Livonia, experienced a notable
economic boom. It established two colonies – an island in the estuary of the Gambia River (in Africa) and Tobago Island
(in the Caribbean Sea). Names from this period still survive today in these places. However after the Polish-Swedish
war (1600-1629) Rīga came under Swedish rule in 1621. It became the largest and most developed Swedish City.
During this time Vidzeme was known as the "Swedish Bread Basket" because it supplied the larger part of the Swedish
kingdom with wheat. The rest of Latvia stayed Polish until the second partition of Poland in 1793, when it became
Russian. Consolidation of the Latvian nation occurred in the 17th century. With the merging of the Couronians,
Latgallians, Selonians, Semgallians and Livonians (Finno-Ugrians, in Latvian called: lībieši or līvi) a culturally unified
nation was developed – the Latvians (in Latvian: latvieši) that spoke a common language called Latvian language (in
Latvian: latviešu valoda). In 1700, the Great Northern War broke out. The course of this war was directly linked with
today's Latvian territory and the territorial claims of the Russian Empire. One of its goals was to secure the famous and
rich town of Riga. In 1710, the Russian Tsar, Peter I, managed to secure Vidzeme. Through Vidzeme to Riga, Russia
obtained a clear passage to Europe. By the end of the 18th century, due to the Polish Partitions, all of Latvia's territory
was under Russian rule. Serfdom was abolished in Courland in 1818 and Vidzeme in 1819. In 1849, a law granted a
legal basis for the creation of peasant-owned farms. Reforms were slower in Latgale where serfdom was only abolished
in 1861. Industry developed quickly and the number of the inhabitants grew. Latvia became one of Russia's most
developed provinces. In the 19th century, the first Latvian National Awakening began among ethnic Latvian intellectuals,
a movement that partly reflected similar nationalist trends elsewhere in Europe. This revival was led by the "Young
Latvians" (in Latvian: jaunlatvieši) from the 1850s to the 1880s. Primarily a literary and cultural movement with significant
political implications, the Young Latvians soon came into severe conflict with the Baltic Germans. With increasing
pauperization in rural areas and growing urbanization, a loose but broad leftist movement called the "New Current" arose
in the late 1880s. Led by Rainis and Pēteris Stučka, editors of the newspaper Dienas Lapa, this movement was soon
influenced by Marxism and led to the creation of the Latvian Social Democratic Labour Party. Latvia in the 20th century
saw an explosion of popular discontent in the 1905 Revolution. The idea of an independent Latvia became a reality at
the beginning of the 1900s. The course of World War I (WWI) activated the idea of independence. WWI directly
involved Latvians and Latvian territory. Latvian riflemen (latviešu strēlnieki) fought on the Russian side during this war,
and earned recognition for their bravery far into Europe. During the Russian civil war (1917-1922), Latvians fought on
both sides with a significant group (known as Latvian red riflemen) supporting the Bolsheviks. In the autumn of 1919 the
red Latvian division participated in a major battle against the "white" anti-bolshevik army headed by the Russian general
Anton Denikin. See also Latvian War of Independence. Latvia was ostensibly included within the German-led United
Baltic Duchy, but this collapsed after the defeat of the German Empire in 1918. The post-war confusion was a suitable
opportunity for the development of an independent nation. Latvia proclaimed independence shortly after the end of
WWI – on November 18, 1918 which is now the Independence Day in Latvia. The first major power to recognise
Latvia's independence was the Russian SFSR (on August 11, 1920), which relinquished authority over the Latvian
nation and claims to Latvian territory once and for all times. However, future actions proved that these had been empty
promises. The international community recognized Latvia's independence on January 26, 1921, and the recognition from
many other countries followed soon. In this year Latvia also became a member of the League of Nations (September
22, 1921). Because of the world economic crisis there was a growing dissatisfaction among the population at the
beginning of the 1930s. The Soviet Union guaranteed its interests in the Baltics with the signing of the Molotov-
Ribbentrop pact between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany on August 23, 1939. Under threat of invasion,[4] Latvia
(as did Estonia and Lithuania) signed a mutual assistance pact with Soviet Union, providing for the stationing of up to
25,000 troops on Latvian soil. Latvia was incorporated into the Soviet Union on August 5, 1940. During the night from
the 13th to the 14th of June, 1941, thousands of Latvian inhabitants were deported to Siberia. 35,000 people were
deported in the first year of Soviet occupation (131,500 across the Baltics). The Nazi invasion, launched a week later,
cut short immediate plans to deport several hundred thousand more from the Baltics. Nazi troops occupied Riga on July
1, 1941. Immediately after the installment of German authority, a process of eliminating the Jewish and Gypsy population
began, with many killings taking place in Rumbula. In 1944, part of the Latvian territory once more came under Soviet
control. A notable step towards restoration of independence was taken on May 4, 1990. The Latvian SSR Supreme
Council, elected in the first democratic elections since 1930s, adopted a declaration restoring independence that
included a transition period. On the August 21, 1991 parliament voted for an end to the transition period, thus restoring
Latvia's pre-war independence. On September 6, 1991 Latvian independence was once again recognised by the USSR.
Soon after reinstating independence, Latvia became a member of the United Nations and swiftly returned to the flock of
democratic nations in the free world. In 2004 Latvia's most important, according to some interpretations, foreign policy
goals - membership of the European Union and NATO - were fulfilled. On April 2, Latvia became a member of NATO
and on May 1, Latvia together with other two Baltic States became a member of European Union.
Sources: Wikipedia: History of Latvia
Click on map for larger view
Click on flag for Country Report
| TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS |
None reported.
