| SEYCHELLES Republic of Seychelles Republic of Seychelles Joined United Nations: 21 September 1976 Human Rights as assured by their constitution Click here Updated 11/25/10 |
| CAPITAL |
| POPULATION |
| CHIEF OF STATE |
| SELECTION PROCESS |
Victoria
88,340 (July 2010 est.)
President and Vice President elected by popular vote for a five-year
term (eligible for two more terms); election last held 28-30 July 2006
Next scheduled election: 2011
term (eligible for two more terms); election last held 28-30 July 2006
Next scheduled election: 2011
HEAD OF GOVERNMENT
SELECTION PROCESS
According to the Seychelles Constitution, the President is both
the Chief of State and Head of Government
the Chief of State and Head of Government
| DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS |
| ETHNIC GROUPS |
Mixed French, African, Indian, Chinese, and Arab
| RELIGIONS |
Roman Catholic 82.3%, Anglican 6.4%, Seventh Day Adventist 1.1%, other Christian 3.4%, Hindu 2.1%, Muslim 1.1%, other
non-Christian 1.5%, unspecified 1.5%, none 0.6% (2002 census)
non-Christian 1.5%, unspecified 1.5%, none 0.6% (2002 census)
| GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE |
Republic with 23 administrative districts; Legal system is based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law
Executive: President and Vice President elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for two more terms); election last held 28-30
July 2006 (next to be held in 2011)
Legislative: Unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (34 seats; 25 members elected by popular vote, 9 allocated
on a proportional basis to parties winning at least 10% of the vote; to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 10-12 May 2007 (next to be held in 2012)
Judicial: Court of Appeal; Supreme Court; judges for both courts are appointed by the president
Executive: President and Vice President elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for two more terms); election last held 28-30
July 2006 (next to be held in 2011)
Legislative: Unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (34 seats; 25 members elected by popular vote, 9 allocated
on a proportional basis to parties winning at least 10% of the vote; to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 10-12 May 2007 (next to be held in 2012)
Judicial: Court of Appeal; Supreme Court; judges for both courts are appointed by the president
| LANGUAGES |
Creole 91.8%, English 4.9% (official), other 3.1%, unspecified 0.2% (2002 census)
| BRIEF HISTORY |
The early (pre-European colonisation) history of Isle de Séchelles - Seychelles is unknown. Malays from Borneo, who eventually
settled on Madagascar, perhaps lingered here circa 200-300 BC. Arab navigators on trading voyages across the Indian Ocean,
were probably aware of the islands, although they did not settle them. A manuscript dated AD 851, written by an Arab merchant,
refers to the Maldives and higher islands beyond them, possibly Seychelles. In 1502, Vasco da Gama, crossing from India to East
Africa, sighted islands which became known as the Amirantes. The granitic islands began to appear on Portuguese charts as the
Seven Sisters. In March 1608, a trading fleet of the English East India Company set sail for India. Lost in a storm, the Ascension's
crew saw "high land" on 19 January 1609 and headed for it. They anchored "as in a pond". They found plentiful fresh water, fish,
coconuts, birds, turtles and giant tortoises with which to replenish their stores. The Ascension sailed, and reported what they had
found, but the British took no action. Towards the end of the 17th century, pirates arrived in the Indian Ocean from the Caribbean
and made a base in Madagascar, from where they preyed upon vessels approaching and leaving the Red Sea and the Gulf. The
French had occupied the Ile de France (renamed Mauritius by the British in 1810) since 1710. This colony was growing in
importance, and in 1735 an energetic administrator, Bertrand François de la Bourdonnais (1699-1723) was appointed. His brief
was to protect the French sea route to India. On 21 November 1742, the Elisabeth and the Charles anchored off Mahé at Anse
Boileau (not Baie Lazare, later mistakenly named as Picault's landing place). They found a land of plenty. In fact, Picault named the
island Ile d'Abondonce. The outbreak of war between England and France reminded the authorities on Mauritius about the islands.
Two ships were sent to claim them, commanded by Corneille Nicholas Morphey. He renamed the largest island Isle de Séchelles in
honour of Viscount Jean Moreau de Seychelles, Minister of Finance during the reign of Louis XV The king (later Anglicised to
Seychelles). This was later used for the island group, whilst Mahé was again used for the largest granitic island. Morphey took
possession for his king and the French East India Company on 1 November 1756. The end of the Seven Years War, France's loss
of Canada and its status in India, caused the decline of the French East India Company, which had formerly controlled Mauritius.
This settlement, and thus Seychelles, now came under direct royal authority. On 12 August 1770, 15 white colonists, seven slaves,
five Indians and one negress settled on St Anne. Du Barré stayed in Mauritius seeking funds. After reports of initial success, he
begged the government for more money. However, reports reached the authorities that ship captains could get no supplies of fresh
produce from the islands. When British ships were seen around Seychelles, the authorities were spurred into action, dispatching a
garrison under Lieutenant de Romainville. They built Etablissement du Roi (Royal Settlement) on the site of modern Victoria. In
1790, as a result of the French Revolution, the settlers formed a Colonial Assembly, and decided they would run their colony
themselves, according to their own constitution. The British made no effort to take over the Seychelles; it was considered a waste of
resources. The settlers decided that unless they were sent a garrison, they could not be expected to defend the French flag.
Therefore they would remain neutral, supplying all comers. The strategy worked. On 11 July, 1801 the French frigate Chiffonne
arrived with a cargo of French prisoners sent into exile by Napoleon. The British tightened the blockade on the French Indian
Ocean colonies. Réunion surrendered, followed in December 1810 by Mauritius. In April 1811, Captain Beaver arrived in
Seychelles on the Nisus to announce the preferential terms of Quincy's capitulation should stand, but Seychelles must recognise the
terms of the Mauritian surrender. The first civilian administrator of the British regime was Edward Madge. The British had allowed
all customary French practices to remain in place. The administrator may have been British, reporting to London, but he governed
according to French rules. The biggest grievance the colonists had with their new masters was the colony's dependence on
Mauritius. The other cloud on the planters' horizon was British anti-slavery legislation. In 1835, slavery was completely abolished.
Seychelles yearned to be a colony in its own right. The authorities in the mother colony supported them. Sir Arthur Gordon, the
Mauritian governor, sent a petition on their behalf to London. Concessions were made, but Seychelles did not become a Crown
Colony in its own right until 1903, when its first Governor, Sir Ernest Bickham Sweet-Escott took office. The British, like the
French before them, saw Seychelles as a useful place to exile troublesome political prisoners. Over the years, Seychelles became a
home to prisoners from Zanzibar, Egypt, Cyprus and Palestine, to name but a few. World War One caused great hardship in the
islands. Ships could not bring in essential goods, nor take away exports. During World War II, a seaplane depot was established on
St Anne to monitor regional shipping. A garrison was stationed in the islands and a battery built at Pointe Conan to protect the
harbour. Some 2,000 Seychellois men served in the Pioneer Companies, in Egypt, Palestine and Italy. The first political party, the
Taxpayers Association, was formed in 1939. In 1958, the French bought back the Glorioso islands from the Seychelles. In March
1970, colonial and political representatives of Seychelles met in London for a constitutional convention, with the Seychelles
Democratic Party (SDP) of James Mancham advocating closer integration with the UK, and the Seychelles People's United Party
(SPUP) of France-Albert René advocating independence. Elections in November 1970 brought a new constitution into effect, with
Mancham as Chief Minister. Further elections were held in April 1974, in which both major political parties campaigned for
independence. Following this election, negotiations with the British resulted in an agreement under which the Seychelles became an
independent republic within the Commonwealth on June 29, 1976. On June 5, 1977, a coup d'état saw Mancham deposed while
overseas, and France-Albert René became President. The Seychelles became a one-party state, with the SPUP becoming the
Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF). In 1981, the country experienced a failed coup attempt by Mike Hoare and a team
of South African backed mercenaries. John Perkins has alleged that this was part of a covert action to re-install the pro-American
former president in the face of concerns about United States access to its military bases in Diego Garcia. In 1984 after the
assassination of the exile Leader SNM/MPR in London Mr Gerrard Houreau, The Seychelles community in Exile put together a
program titled SIROP - Seychelles International Repatriation and Onward Program involving the Alliance,CDU, DP, SNP and
SNP it required the exile to negotiate a peaceful return supported by a strong economic program. At an Extraordinary Congress of
the Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF) on December 4, 1991, President Rene announced a return to the multiparty
system of government after almost 16 years of one-party rule. On December 27, 1991, the Constitution of Seychelles was
amended to allow for the registration of political parties. July 23-26, 1993 saw the first multiparty presidential and legislative
elections held under the new constitution, as well as a resounding victory for President Rene. During the rule of President René, Mr.
Michel was the head of the Seychellois economy on several occasions. In these 27 years, the Seychelles has experienced an
economic boom based on its tourism and fishery sectors. The new Seychellois leader also played a role in the country's slow
democratisation process, which started with multi-party elections in 1993. Seychelles however still suffers from limited freedom and
transparency of the press and, according to the opposition, rigged elections. According to official results, President René and his
Seychelles People's Progressive Front party won presidential and legislative elections in 2001 and 2002 respectively, with about
54% of the vote in both cases. Seychelles' opposition leader, Wavel Ramkalawan, has expressed increased concern over the
negative trends in the national economy and demanded more dialogue with the ruling party. The leader of the Seychelles National
Party furthermore said that he would be cooperating with President Michel. Michel won the presidential election of July 28–30,
2006, taking 53.7% of the vote. He was sworn in for his new term on August 1.
Source: Wikipedia: History of Seychelles
settled on Madagascar, perhaps lingered here circa 200-300 BC. Arab navigators on trading voyages across the Indian Ocean,
were probably aware of the islands, although they did not settle them. A manuscript dated AD 851, written by an Arab merchant,
refers to the Maldives and higher islands beyond them, possibly Seychelles. In 1502, Vasco da Gama, crossing from India to East
Africa, sighted islands which became known as the Amirantes. The granitic islands began to appear on Portuguese charts as the
Seven Sisters. In March 1608, a trading fleet of the English East India Company set sail for India. Lost in a storm, the Ascension's
crew saw "high land" on 19 January 1609 and headed for it. They anchored "as in a pond". They found plentiful fresh water, fish,
coconuts, birds, turtles and giant tortoises with which to replenish their stores. The Ascension sailed, and reported what they had
found, but the British took no action. Towards the end of the 17th century, pirates arrived in the Indian Ocean from the Caribbean
and made a base in Madagascar, from where they preyed upon vessels approaching and leaving the Red Sea and the Gulf. The
French had occupied the Ile de France (renamed Mauritius by the British in 1810) since 1710. This colony was growing in
importance, and in 1735 an energetic administrator, Bertrand François de la Bourdonnais (1699-1723) was appointed. His brief
was to protect the French sea route to India. On 21 November 1742, the Elisabeth and the Charles anchored off Mahé at Anse
Boileau (not Baie Lazare, later mistakenly named as Picault's landing place). They found a land of plenty. In fact, Picault named the
island Ile d'Abondonce. The outbreak of war between England and France reminded the authorities on Mauritius about the islands.
Two ships were sent to claim them, commanded by Corneille Nicholas Morphey. He renamed the largest island Isle de Séchelles in
honour of Viscount Jean Moreau de Seychelles, Minister of Finance during the reign of Louis XV The king (later Anglicised to
Seychelles). This was later used for the island group, whilst Mahé was again used for the largest granitic island. Morphey took
possession for his king and the French East India Company on 1 November 1756. The end of the Seven Years War, France's loss
of Canada and its status in India, caused the decline of the French East India Company, which had formerly controlled Mauritius.
This settlement, and thus Seychelles, now came under direct royal authority. On 12 August 1770, 15 white colonists, seven slaves,
five Indians and one negress settled on St Anne. Du Barré stayed in Mauritius seeking funds. After reports of initial success, he
begged the government for more money. However, reports reached the authorities that ship captains could get no supplies of fresh
produce from the islands. When British ships were seen around Seychelles, the authorities were spurred into action, dispatching a
garrison under Lieutenant de Romainville. They built Etablissement du Roi (Royal Settlement) on the site of modern Victoria. In
1790, as a result of the French Revolution, the settlers formed a Colonial Assembly, and decided they would run their colony
themselves, according to their own constitution. The British made no effort to take over the Seychelles; it was considered a waste of
resources. The settlers decided that unless they were sent a garrison, they could not be expected to defend the French flag.
Therefore they would remain neutral, supplying all comers. The strategy worked. On 11 July, 1801 the French frigate Chiffonne
arrived with a cargo of French prisoners sent into exile by Napoleon. The British tightened the blockade on the French Indian
Ocean colonies. Réunion surrendered, followed in December 1810 by Mauritius. In April 1811, Captain Beaver arrived in
Seychelles on the Nisus to announce the preferential terms of Quincy's capitulation should stand, but Seychelles must recognise the
terms of the Mauritian surrender. The first civilian administrator of the British regime was Edward Madge. The British had allowed
all customary French practices to remain in place. The administrator may have been British, reporting to London, but he governed
according to French rules. The biggest grievance the colonists had with their new masters was the colony's dependence on
Mauritius. The other cloud on the planters' horizon was British anti-slavery legislation. In 1835, slavery was completely abolished.
Seychelles yearned to be a colony in its own right. The authorities in the mother colony supported them. Sir Arthur Gordon, the
Mauritian governor, sent a petition on their behalf to London. Concessions were made, but Seychelles did not become a Crown
Colony in its own right until 1903, when its first Governor, Sir Ernest Bickham Sweet-Escott took office. The British, like the
French before them, saw Seychelles as a useful place to exile troublesome political prisoners. Over the years, Seychelles became a
home to prisoners from Zanzibar, Egypt, Cyprus and Palestine, to name but a few. World War One caused great hardship in the
islands. Ships could not bring in essential goods, nor take away exports. During World War II, a seaplane depot was established on
St Anne to monitor regional shipping. A garrison was stationed in the islands and a battery built at Pointe Conan to protect the
harbour. Some 2,000 Seychellois men served in the Pioneer Companies, in Egypt, Palestine and Italy. The first political party, the
Taxpayers Association, was formed in 1939. In 1958, the French bought back the Glorioso islands from the Seychelles. In March
1970, colonial and political representatives of Seychelles met in London for a constitutional convention, with the Seychelles
Democratic Party (SDP) of James Mancham advocating closer integration with the UK, and the Seychelles People's United Party
(SPUP) of France-Albert René advocating independence. Elections in November 1970 brought a new constitution into effect, with
Mancham as Chief Minister. Further elections were held in April 1974, in which both major political parties campaigned for
independence. Following this election, negotiations with the British resulted in an agreement under which the Seychelles became an
independent republic within the Commonwealth on June 29, 1976. On June 5, 1977, a coup d'état saw Mancham deposed while
overseas, and France-Albert René became President. The Seychelles became a one-party state, with the SPUP becoming the
Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF). In 1981, the country experienced a failed coup attempt by Mike Hoare and a team
of South African backed mercenaries. John Perkins has alleged that this was part of a covert action to re-install the pro-American
former president in the face of concerns about United States access to its military bases in Diego Garcia. In 1984 after the
assassination of the exile Leader SNM/MPR in London Mr Gerrard Houreau, The Seychelles community in Exile put together a
program titled SIROP - Seychelles International Repatriation and Onward Program involving the Alliance,CDU, DP, SNP and
SNP it required the exile to negotiate a peaceful return supported by a strong economic program. At an Extraordinary Congress of
the Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF) on December 4, 1991, President Rene announced a return to the multiparty
system of government after almost 16 years of one-party rule. On December 27, 1991, the Constitution of Seychelles was
amended to allow for the registration of political parties. July 23-26, 1993 saw the first multiparty presidential and legislative
elections held under the new constitution, as well as a resounding victory for President Rene. During the rule of President René, Mr.
Michel was the head of the Seychellois economy on several occasions. In these 27 years, the Seychelles has experienced an
economic boom based on its tourism and fishery sectors. The new Seychellois leader also played a role in the country's slow
democratisation process, which started with multi-party elections in 1993. Seychelles however still suffers from limited freedom and
transparency of the press and, according to the opposition, rigged elections. According to official results, President René and his
Seychelles People's Progressive Front party won presidential and legislative elections in 2001 and 2002 respectively, with about
54% of the vote in both cases. Seychelles' opposition leader, Wavel Ramkalawan, has expressed increased concern over the
negative trends in the national economy and demanded more dialogue with the ruling party. The leader of the Seychelles National
Party furthermore said that he would be cooperating with President Michel. Michel won the presidential election of July 28–30,
2006, taking 53.7% of the vote. He was sworn in for his new term on August 1.
Source: Wikipedia: History of Seychelles
| ECONOMIC OVERVIEW |
Since independence in 1976, per capita output in this Indian Ocean archipelago has expanded to roughly seven times the
pre-independence, near-subsistence level, moving the island into the upper-middle income group of countries. Growth has been led
by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labor force and provides more than 70% of hard currency earnings, and by
tuna fishing. In recent years, the government has encouraged foreign investment to upgrade hotels and other services. At the same
time, the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, and
small-scale manufacturing. GDP grew about 7-8% per year in 2006-07, driven by tourism and a boom in tourism-related
construction. The Seychelles rupee was allowed to depreciate in 2006 after being overvalued for years and fell by 10% in the first 9
months of 2007. Despite these actions, the Seychelles economy has struggled to maintain its gains and in 2008 suffered from food
and oil price shocks, a foreign exchange shortage, high inflation, large financing gaps, and the global recession. In July 2008 the
government defaulted on a Euro amortizing note worth roughly US$80 million, leading to a downgrading of Seychelles credit rating.
Seychelles requested an IMF Stand-By Agreement in December 2008. In 2009, GDP fell nearly 9% due to declining tourism.
Source: CIA World Factbook (select Seychelles)
pre-independence, near-subsistence level, moving the island into the upper-middle income group of countries. Growth has been led
by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labor force and provides more than 70% of hard currency earnings, and by
tuna fishing. In recent years, the government has encouraged foreign investment to upgrade hotels and other services. At the same
time, the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, and
small-scale manufacturing. GDP grew about 7-8% per year in 2006-07, driven by tourism and a boom in tourism-related
construction. The Seychelles rupee was allowed to depreciate in 2006 after being overvalued for years and fell by 10% in the first 9
months of 2007. Despite these actions, the Seychelles economy has struggled to maintain its gains and in 2008 suffered from food
and oil price shocks, a foreign exchange shortage, high inflation, large financing gaps, and the global recession. In July 2008 the
government defaulted on a Euro amortizing note worth roughly US$80 million, leading to a downgrading of Seychelles credit rating.
Seychelles requested an IMF Stand-By Agreement in December 2008. In 2009, GDP fell nearly 9% due to declining tourism.
Source: CIA World Factbook (select Seychelles)
| POLITICAL CLIMATE |
After almost sixteen years of one-party rule, President Rene announced a return to the multiparty system of government at an
Extraordinary Congress of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front on December 4, 1991. On December 27, 1991, the
Constitution of Seychelles was amended to allow for the registration of political parties. Among the exiles returning to Seychelles
was Mr. James Mancham, who returned in April 1992 to revive his party, the Democratic Party (DP). By the end of that month,
eight political parties had registered to contest the first stage of the transition process: election to the Constitutional Commission,
which took place on July 23-26, 1992.
Early elections originally set for 2003 were called in August/September 2001. The Government Party SPPF once again prevailed,
although the main Opposition Party, Seychelles National Party (previously known as the United Opposition Party) headed by Rev.
Wavel Ramkalawan, made a surprisingly strong showing and collected 46% of the total votes. The DP, headed by Mr. Mancham,
did not take part in the elections.
In April 2004, Rene retired as President passing the office to his Vice President, James Michel. At the next Presidential election in
July 2006, James Michel polled 53.7% of valid votes, Wavel Ramkalawan 45.7% and Phillip Boulle 0.6%. In the May 2007
National Assembly elections, Seychelles Peoples Progressive Front took 56.2% of votes and Seychelles National Party in coalition
with Seychelles Democratic Party took 43.8%. This gave SPPF 18 directly elected seats plus 5 nominated, total 23 seats with the
SNP/DP coalition taking 7 directly elected plus 4 nominated, total 11 seats.
Source: Wikipedia: Politics of Seychelles
Extraordinary Congress of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front on December 4, 1991. On December 27, 1991, the
Constitution of Seychelles was amended to allow for the registration of political parties. Among the exiles returning to Seychelles
was Mr. James Mancham, who returned in April 1992 to revive his party, the Democratic Party (DP). By the end of that month,
eight political parties had registered to contest the first stage of the transition process: election to the Constitutional Commission,
which took place on July 23-26, 1992.
Early elections originally set for 2003 were called in August/September 2001. The Government Party SPPF once again prevailed,
although the main Opposition Party, Seychelles National Party (previously known as the United Opposition Party) headed by Rev.
Wavel Ramkalawan, made a surprisingly strong showing and collected 46% of the total votes. The DP, headed by Mr. Mancham,
did not take part in the elections.
In April 2004, Rene retired as President passing the office to his Vice President, James Michel. At the next Presidential election in
July 2006, James Michel polled 53.7% of valid votes, Wavel Ramkalawan 45.7% and Phillip Boulle 0.6%. In the May 2007
National Assembly elections, Seychelles Peoples Progressive Front took 56.2% of votes and Seychelles National Party in coalition
with Seychelles Democratic Party took 43.8%. This gave SPPF 18 directly elected seats plus 5 nominated, total 23 seats with the
SNP/DP coalition taking 7 directly elected plus 4 nominated, total 11 seats.
Source: Wikipedia: Politics of Seychelles
| INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES |
Together with Mauritius, Seychelles claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory).
| REFUGEES AND INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS (IDPS) |
None reported.
| ILLICIT DRUGS |
None reported.
| HUMAN RIGHTS STATEMENTS, ANALYSIS AND CRITIQUES |
2009 Human Rights Report: Seychelles
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
March 11, 2010
Seychelles is a multiparty republic of approximately 87,000 citizens. In 2006 voters elected President James Michel, who assumed
power in 2004 when former president France Albert Rene resigned. International observers deemed the process credible, although there
were complaints of unfair campaign practices. The president and the Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF), which since July
has been renamed the People's Party, dominated the country through a pervasive system of political patronage and control over
government jobs, contracts, and resources. The 2007 national assembly elections did not result in any change in the balance of power
between the ruling People's Party (former SPPF) and the opposition Seychelles National Party (SNP). Civilian authorities generally
maintained effective control of the security forces.
The government generally respected the human rights of its citizens. However, the following human rights problems were reported:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
March 11, 2010
Seychelles is a multiparty republic of approximately 87,000 citizens. In 2006 voters elected President James Michel, who assumed
power in 2004 when former president France Albert Rene resigned. International observers deemed the process credible, although there
were complaints of unfair campaign practices. The president and the Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF), which since July
has been renamed the People's Party, dominated the country through a pervasive system of political patronage and control over
government jobs, contracts, and resources. The 2007 national assembly elections did not result in any change in the balance of power
between the ruling People's Party (former SPPF) and the opposition Seychelles National Party (SNP). Civilian authorities generally
maintained effective control of the security forces.
The government generally respected the human rights of its citizens. However, the following human rights problems were reported:
- prolonged pretrial detention;
- abuse of detainees;
- an inefficient and politically influenced court system;
- restrictions on speech, press, and assembly;
- official corruption;
- violence against women and children;
- violations of and restrictions on labor rights;
- discrimination against foreign workers.
30 October 2002
Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, Seychelles,
COMMITTEE ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD
Thirty-first session
CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 44 OF THE CONVENTION
Concluding observations: Seychelles
Introduction
2. The Committee welcomes the submission of the State party's initial report which follows the guidelines for reporting, is self-critical
and presents numerous recommendations for addressing the problems. The Committee also welcomes the written replies to its list of
issues containing considerable statistical data (CRC/C/Q/SEY/1), which gave a clearer understanding of the situation of children in the
State party. It further notes with appreciation the open and constructive dialogue and the positive reactions to the suggestions and
recommendations made during the discussion.
C. Factors and difficulties impeding the implementation of the Convention
6. The Committee acknowledges that, despite a relatively high standard of living, the State party still faces socio-economic conditions
which place limitations upon the State party's financial and human resources.
Positive aspects
3. The Committee notes the State party's continuous efforts to reform the Children's Act of 1982 and bring it fully into conformity with
the Convention.
4. The Committee notes the State party's strong commitment to education and child and maternal health and the significant
improvements that have been made in these areas, as well as with respect to health indicators in general.
5. The Committee notes the State party's prohibition of corporal punishment in the home, schools and all other institutions involved in the
care or protection of children.
Principal areas of concern and recommendations
1. General measures of implementation
Legislation
7. The Committee, while noting that the State party has recently initiated a review of its legislation on children, nevertheless remains
concerned that reforms ensuring the conformity of all domestic laws with the Convention have not been fully realized.
8. The Committee encourages the State party to continue its efforts at legislative reform and take all necessary measures to ensure that
its domestic legislation in all areas concerning children conforms fully with the principles and provisions of the Convention.
Click here to read more »
Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, Seychelles,
COMMITTEE ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD
Thirty-first session
CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 44 OF THE CONVENTION
Concluding observations: Seychelles
Introduction
2. The Committee welcomes the submission of the State party's initial report which follows the guidelines for reporting, is self-critical
and presents numerous recommendations for addressing the problems. The Committee also welcomes the written replies to its list of
issues containing considerable statistical data (CRC/C/Q/SEY/1), which gave a clearer understanding of the situation of children in the
State party. It further notes with appreciation the open and constructive dialogue and the positive reactions to the suggestions and
recommendations made during the discussion.
C. Factors and difficulties impeding the implementation of the Convention
6. The Committee acknowledges that, despite a relatively high standard of living, the State party still faces socio-economic conditions
which place limitations upon the State party's financial and human resources.
Positive aspects
3. The Committee notes the State party's continuous efforts to reform the Children's Act of 1982 and bring it fully into conformity with
the Convention.
4. The Committee notes the State party's strong commitment to education and child and maternal health and the significant
improvements that have been made in these areas, as well as with respect to health indicators in general.
5. The Committee notes the State party's prohibition of corporal punishment in the home, schools and all other institutions involved in the
care or protection of children.
Principal areas of concern and recommendations
1. General measures of implementation
Legislation
7. The Committee, while noting that the State party has recently initiated a review of its legislation on children, nevertheless remains
concerned that reforms ensuring the conformity of all domestic laws with the Convention have not been fully realized.
8. The Committee encourages the State party to continue its efforts at legislative reform and take all necessary measures to ensure that
its domestic legislation in all areas concerning children conforms fully with the principles and provisions of the Convention.
Click here to read more »
Freedom In The World 2010 Report
Political Rights Score: 3
Civil Liberties Score: 3
Status: Partly Free
Overview
In 2009, the Seychelles’ economy was buffeted by the global recession and by the expanding reach and incidence of piracy in the Indian
Ocean.
The Seychelles National Party (SNP), led by Wavel Ramkalawan, emerged as the strongest opposition group in 1998 elections. Rene
won a narrow victory in the 2001 presidential election, engendering opposition complaints of fraud. In October 2002, Rene dissolved
parliament and called for early legislative elections. Although the SPPF won, the SNP made significant gains.
Rene stepped down as president in 2004 and was replaced by Vice President James Michel. The Indian Ocean tsunami struck later that
year, causing about $30 million in damage to public infrastructure; the vital tourism and fishing industries also suffered. Michel defeated
Ramkalawan in the July 2006 presidential election.
The SPPF’s majority of 23 seats was left unchanged by the May 2007 legislative elections; the SNP took the remaining 11. Michel
subsequently restructured his government, placing an emphasis on environmental issues that could affect the country’s reputation as a
tourist destination.
In recent years, the Seychelles’ economy has been harmed by rising food and fuel costs. Recent International Monetary Fund missions
have found that the country has one of the highest debt burdens in Africa and continues to suffer from rising inflation and depletion of
the central bank’s foreign reserves. By contrast, the political arena has remained relatively placid. The Seychelles’ economy continued to
worsen in 2009 due to the global recession and the expanding reach and incidence of piracy in the Indian Ocean.
The Seychelles is an electoral democracy. The July 2006 presidential election and the 2007 parliamentary polls were generally viewed as
having met basic international norms. However, the ruling SPPF’s control over state resources and most media gives its candidates a
significant advantage at the polls. The president and the unicameral National Assembly are elected by universal adult suffrage for five-
year terms. The head of government is the president, who appoints the cabinet. Of the National Assembly’s 34 members, 25 are elected
directly and 9 are allocated on a proportional basis to parties gaining at least 10 percent of the vote.
The SPPF remains the dominant party, and the opposition SNP has claimed that its sympathizers are harassed by police and victimized
by job-related security investigations in the public sector.
Click here to read more »
Political Rights Score: 3
Civil Liberties Score: 3
Status: Partly Free
Overview
In 2009, the Seychelles’ economy was buffeted by the global recession and by the expanding reach and incidence of piracy in the Indian
Ocean.
The Seychelles National Party (SNP), led by Wavel Ramkalawan, emerged as the strongest opposition group in 1998 elections. Rene
won a narrow victory in the 2001 presidential election, engendering opposition complaints of fraud. In October 2002, Rene dissolved
parliament and called for early legislative elections. Although the SPPF won, the SNP made significant gains.
Rene stepped down as president in 2004 and was replaced by Vice President James Michel. The Indian Ocean tsunami struck later that
year, causing about $30 million in damage to public infrastructure; the vital tourism and fishing industries also suffered. Michel defeated
Ramkalawan in the July 2006 presidential election.
The SPPF’s majority of 23 seats was left unchanged by the May 2007 legislative elections; the SNP took the remaining 11. Michel
subsequently restructured his government, placing an emphasis on environmental issues that could affect the country’s reputation as a
tourist destination.
In recent years, the Seychelles’ economy has been harmed by rising food and fuel costs. Recent International Monetary Fund missions
have found that the country has one of the highest debt burdens in Africa and continues to suffer from rising inflation and depletion of
the central bank’s foreign reserves. By contrast, the political arena has remained relatively placid. The Seychelles’ economy continued to
worsen in 2009 due to the global recession and the expanding reach and incidence of piracy in the Indian Ocean.
The Seychelles is an electoral democracy. The July 2006 presidential election and the 2007 parliamentary polls were generally viewed as
having met basic international norms. However, the ruling SPPF’s control over state resources and most media gives its candidates a
significant advantage at the polls. The president and the unicameral National Assembly are elected by universal adult suffrage for five-
year terms. The head of government is the president, who appoints the cabinet. Of the National Assembly’s 34 members, 25 are elected
directly and 9 are allocated on a proportional basis to parties gaining at least 10 percent of the vote.
The SPPF remains the dominant party, and the opposition SNP has claimed that its sympathizers are harassed by police and victimized
by job-related security investigations in the public sector.
Click here to read more »
1 January 1994
Document - The death penalty in wartime: arguments for abolition
At present, 52 countries have totally abolished the death penalty while 16 have abolished it for all but exceptional offences, such as
wartime crimes. Nineteen countries retain the death penalty in their legislation but have not executed anyone for the past 10 years or
more. One hundred and three countries retain and use the death penalty for ordinary crimes.2
In recent years, although retentionist countries continue to be a majority, the world has been moving towards abolition faster than ever
before in history. Some countries have reached total abolition in one stage, while others have proceeded in two stages, first deciding to
abolish the death penalty only for ordinary crimes and later moving on to total abolition. The second stage seems, however, to be a
lengthy process. It took Austria 18 years, Denmark 45, Finland 23, the Netherlands 112, New Zealand 28, Norway 74, Portugal 110,
Sweden 51;3and a number of countries have remained stuck at stage one for a long time.
Is this slowness simply due to lack of interest in an issue that seems to have little practical relevance in times when peace prevails? Or
are there substantial reasons for not extending abolition to all crimes, including crimes committed in wartime?
This paper considers whether there are any special arguments for retaining the death penalty in wartime which would justify limiting
abolition to ordinary crimes. It also includes a brief review of the subject from the point of view of international law. An appendix
provides a summary of existing provisions on the death penalty for exceptional offences in the legislation of states where this penalty has
been abolished for ordinary crimes.
1. ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST THE RETENTION OF THE DEATH PENALTY FOR WARTIME OFFENCES
In 1991, during a debate in the House of Lords of the United Kingdom concerning a proposal to abolish the death penalty in the Armed
Forces Bill, speakers both for and against the proposal stated that rules aimed at governing special situations should not differ from
general rules unless there is "good reason" to the contrary. In other words, once the principle of abolition has been accepted within the
legal order of a state, the existence of exceptional situations to which that principle does not apply must be adequately demonstrated.
Seychelles
The death penalty was provisionally abolished for murder in 1966 while Seychelles was under British colonial rule, and this choice was
confirmed upon independence in 1976. The death penalty is retained only for treason.
Click here to read more »
Document - The death penalty in wartime: arguments for abolition
At present, 52 countries have totally abolished the death penalty while 16 have abolished it for all but exceptional offences, such as
wartime crimes. Nineteen countries retain the death penalty in their legislation but have not executed anyone for the past 10 years or
more. One hundred and three countries retain and use the death penalty for ordinary crimes.2
In recent years, although retentionist countries continue to be a majority, the world has been moving towards abolition faster than ever
before in history. Some countries have reached total abolition in one stage, while others have proceeded in two stages, first deciding to
abolish the death penalty only for ordinary crimes and later moving on to total abolition. The second stage seems, however, to be a
lengthy process. It took Austria 18 years, Denmark 45, Finland 23, the Netherlands 112, New Zealand 28, Norway 74, Portugal 110,
Sweden 51;3and a number of countries have remained stuck at stage one for a long time.
Is this slowness simply due to lack of interest in an issue that seems to have little practical relevance in times when peace prevails? Or
are there substantial reasons for not extending abolition to all crimes, including crimes committed in wartime?
This paper considers whether there are any special arguments for retaining the death penalty in wartime which would justify limiting
abolition to ordinary crimes. It also includes a brief review of the subject from the point of view of international law. An appendix
provides a summary of existing provisions on the death penalty for exceptional offences in the legislation of states where this penalty has
been abolished for ordinary crimes.
1. ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST THE RETENTION OF THE DEATH PENALTY FOR WARTIME OFFENCES
In 1991, during a debate in the House of Lords of the United Kingdom concerning a proposal to abolish the death penalty in the Armed
Forces Bill, speakers both for and against the proposal stated that rules aimed at governing special situations should not differ from
general rules unless there is "good reason" to the contrary. In other words, once the principle of abolition has been accepted within the
legal order of a state, the existence of exceptional situations to which that principle does not apply must be adequately demonstrated.
Seychelles
The death penalty was provisionally abolished for murder in 1966 while Seychelles was under British colonial rule, and this choice was
confirmed upon independence in 1976. The death penalty is retained only for treason.
Click here to read more »
Human Rights Watch and Minority Rights Group Intervention in Chagos Islanders v UK in the European Court of Human
Rights
June 19, 2009
SUBMISSIONS ON BEHALF OF THE INTERVENERS
Introduction
* 1. These Submissions are made by Human Rights Watch and Minority Rights Group International ("the Interveners"), pursuant to
leave granted by the President of the Chamber in accordance with Rule 44 § 2 of the Rules of Court.[1] A short statement about each of
the Interveners, and detailing their experience and interest in this matter, is set out at Annex 1 to these Submissions.
* 2. These Submissions address three main issues:
* (1) Extraterritorial application of human rights duties, with reference to Articles 1 and 56 of the Convention.
* (2) International law on the rights of indigenous peoples, with particular focus on the definition of indigenous peoples and their
property rights.
* (3) International law on the rights of those who suffer forced evictions.
All three issues will be addressed in the context of the international and comparative law principles that can be drawn from law and
practice beyond the Convention itself.
Extraterritorial application of human rights duties
Article 56 of the Convention
* 7. Alternatively, if, contrary to the submissions set out above, the Court were to hold that this is a case to which Article 56 applies,
the United Kingdom extended the Convention (but not its First Protocol) to the territories of Mauritius and the Seychelles, which at the
time included what was to become BIOT, by declarations made on 23 October 1953: Application § 203.
The United Kingdom has never denounced the application of the Convention to the Chagos Islands or BIOT in accordance with the
requirements of Article 58 (former Article 65). Accordingly, and notwithstanding the fact that the United Kingdom did not include the
BIOT on the lists of territories to which the Convention has been extended when it submitted lists to the Secretary General of the
Council of Europe,[6] the Convention continues to apply. Convention rights cannot be taken away from a territory without a clear
denunciation which fully complies with the formal requirements of Article 58: Application §§ 205 - 206.
Click here to read more »
Rights
June 19, 2009
SUBMISSIONS ON BEHALF OF THE INTERVENERS
Introduction
* 1. These Submissions are made by Human Rights Watch and Minority Rights Group International ("the Interveners"), pursuant to
leave granted by the President of the Chamber in accordance with Rule 44 § 2 of the Rules of Court.[1] A short statement about each of
the Interveners, and detailing their experience and interest in this matter, is set out at Annex 1 to these Submissions.
* 2. These Submissions address three main issues:
* (1) Extraterritorial application of human rights duties, with reference to Articles 1 and 56 of the Convention.
* (2) International law on the rights of indigenous peoples, with particular focus on the definition of indigenous peoples and their
property rights.
* (3) International law on the rights of those who suffer forced evictions.
All three issues will be addressed in the context of the international and comparative law principles that can be drawn from law and
practice beyond the Convention itself.
Extraterritorial application of human rights duties
Article 56 of the Convention
* 7. Alternatively, if, contrary to the submissions set out above, the Court were to hold that this is a case to which Article 56 applies,
the United Kingdom extended the Convention (but not its First Protocol) to the territories of Mauritius and the Seychelles, which at the
time included what was to become BIOT, by declarations made on 23 October 1953: Application § 203.
The United Kingdom has never denounced the application of the Convention to the Chagos Islands or BIOT in accordance with the
requirements of Article 58 (former Article 65). Accordingly, and notwithstanding the fact that the United Kingdom did not include the
BIOT on the lists of territories to which the Convention has been extended when it submitted lists to the Secretary General of the
Council of Europe,[6] the Convention continues to apply. Convention rights cannot be taken away from a territory without a clear
denunciation which fully complies with the formal requirements of Article 58: Application §§ 205 - 206.
Click here to read more »
STATEMENT BY H.E. MR. JEAN-PAUL ADAM MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, REPUBLIC OF SEYCHELLES
AT THE GENERAL DEBATE OF THE 65TH SESSION OF THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY
27 SEPTEMBER 2010
UNHQ, NEW YORK
Your Excellency President of the General Assembly,
In Seychelles, the pressures of the food, fuel and financial crises meant that in 2008 we had to engage in a wide ranging
macro-economic reform with the support of the Bretton Woods institutions, the ADB and our Paris Club creditors. We are most grateful
to all our partners for their support.
I think it is interesting to note that while we were restructuring our ‘old’ debt, our economy has begun to grow thanks to ‘new’ FDI-
most of it coming from the developing world- the Gulf, Africa and Asia. There are many new channels for development which remain
relatively unexplored and unstructured.
In the horn of Africa, we remain deeply concerned about the ongoing situation in Somalia. We convey our solidarity to the Somali people
and the transitional government that is trying to restore peace and security. We fully support the efforts of the African Union through
AMISOM and also the United Nations. It is clear however, that we must now be prepared to move beyond what we have already tried.
The ongoing problems associated with the situation in Somalia are unfortunately also continuing to hamper the conditions for
development in the region. The threat of terrorism is rising. While the scourge of piracy continues to spread further afield- as far East as
the Maldives, as far South as Madagascar.
Seychelles has worked hard to ensure that our maritime zones remain safe and we thank all our partners for their support. Nonetheless,
piracy has led to direct losses in our economy of over 4% of GDP. We welcome the new regional project on piracy being developed by
the Indian Ocean Commission and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa with the support of the European Union.
This project approaches the problem from several angles simultaneously as we attempt to strengthen the regional capacity for patrols and
surveillance, strengthen the legal and judicial capacity of our countries and also mitigate the negative effects on our economies.
Click here to read more »
AT THE GENERAL DEBATE OF THE 65TH SESSION OF THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY
27 SEPTEMBER 2010
UNHQ, NEW YORK
Your Excellency President of the General Assembly,
In Seychelles, the pressures of the food, fuel and financial crises meant that in 2008 we had to engage in a wide ranging
macro-economic reform with the support of the Bretton Woods institutions, the ADB and our Paris Club creditors. We are most grateful
to all our partners for their support.
I think it is interesting to note that while we were restructuring our ‘old’ debt, our economy has begun to grow thanks to ‘new’ FDI-
most of it coming from the developing world- the Gulf, Africa and Asia. There are many new channels for development which remain
relatively unexplored and unstructured.
In the horn of Africa, we remain deeply concerned about the ongoing situation in Somalia. We convey our solidarity to the Somali people
and the transitional government that is trying to restore peace and security. We fully support the efforts of the African Union through
AMISOM and also the United Nations. It is clear however, that we must now be prepared to move beyond what we have already tried.
The ongoing problems associated with the situation in Somalia are unfortunately also continuing to hamper the conditions for
development in the region. The threat of terrorism is rising. While the scourge of piracy continues to spread further afield- as far East as
the Maldives, as far South as Madagascar.
Seychelles has worked hard to ensure that our maritime zones remain safe and we thank all our partners for their support. Nonetheless,
piracy has led to direct losses in our economy of over 4% of GDP. We welcome the new regional project on piracy being developed by
the Indian Ocean Commission and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa with the support of the European Union.
This project approaches the problem from several angles simultaneously as we attempt to strengthen the regional capacity for patrols and
surveillance, strengthen the legal and judicial capacity of our countries and also mitigate the negative effects on our economies.
Click here to read more »
PRESS RELEASE: President Appoints Ombudsman Dora Zatte
Thursday, 11 February 2010
Following the recommendation of the Constitutional Appointments Authority, President James Michel has appointed Mrs. Dora Zatte as
the Ombudsman of the Republic of Seychelles, effective 15th February 2010. Mrs. Zatte is an Attorney‐at‐law and Barrister‐at‐Law
who was a notary public as well as legal adviser to the Seychelles People’s Defense Forces.
Mrs. Zatte holds a LLB(Hons) Degree in Law from the University of East Anglia (UK), and has extensive experience as Attorney‐at‐
Law with both work in the private sector and the Attorney General’s Office, where she held the post of State Counsel.
She has also acted a legal adviser to the Seychelles Investment Bureau and has been member of the boards of the Seychelles
Broadcasting Corporation, the National Emergency Foundation, the Seychelles Civil Aviation Authority and the High‐Level Committee
on Piracy.
Mrs. Zatte starter her career in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a diplomatic second secretary
Click here to read more »
Thursday, 11 February 2010
Following the recommendation of the Constitutional Appointments Authority, President James Michel has appointed Mrs. Dora Zatte as
the Ombudsman of the Republic of Seychelles, effective 15th February 2010. Mrs. Zatte is an Attorney‐at‐law and Barrister‐at‐Law
who was a notary public as well as legal adviser to the Seychelles People’s Defense Forces.
Mrs. Zatte holds a LLB(Hons) Degree in Law from the University of East Anglia (UK), and has extensive experience as Attorney‐at‐
Law with both work in the private sector and the Attorney General’s Office, where she held the post of State Counsel.
She has also acted a legal adviser to the Seychelles Investment Bureau and has been member of the boards of the Seychelles
Broadcasting Corporation, the National Emergency Foundation, the Seychelles Civil Aviation Authority and the High‐Level Committee
on Piracy.
Mrs. Zatte starter her career in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a diplomatic second secretary
Click here to read more »
New book tells shameful story of Diego Garcia
27.06.2009
A new book entitled Island of Shame, based on the history of the Chagossians and their final eviction from Diego Garcia, was launched
yesterday.
The event was hosted by the Liaison Unit of Non-Governmental Organisations of Seychelles (Lungos) at its office in Victoria.
Island of Shame: the Secret History of the US Military Base on Diego Garcia was written by David Vine and presents the history of the
Chagos archipelago, the first settlement in Chagos and how the Chagossians were eventually betrayed.
It is the first major book to reveal the truth of how the United States conspired with the British to remove the natives of Diego Garcia
from their homeland in the late 1960s and early 1970s and deport them to Seychelles and Mauritius.
Mr Vine also describes the people’s dramatic, unfolding story in their struggle to survive in the countries they were sent to and their fight
to regain possession of their land.
A copy of the book was presented to Jerry Morel, a member of the Chagos Social Committee, in the presence of its chairman Pierre
Prosper and other members.
Also represented were the Good Governance Commission, the Constitutional Review Committee and the Centre for Rights and
Development.
Those present raised concerns, asked questions and shared views during the short ceremony about the Chagossians and their struggles.
They heard that the Chagossians who were sent to Seychelles were left on the dock without any means of survival. Those who had
relations in the country received help, while others were taken to live in the old prison at Union Vale.
Through the years, many of them continued to experience difficult conditions while being unsure of their legal status in the country.
Unlike those sent to Mauritius, the Seychelles Chagossians did not receive any compensation, and it is one of the Chagos committee’s
priorities to find the reasons why they were not included in the payments.
Despite their difficulties, Chagossians in both countries have been active in pushing their case. They won three law suits in the British
High Court but finally failed in the House of Lords, after an appeal by the British government, in October 2008.
Mr Vine, an assistant professor of anthropology at the American University in Washington DC, said he will soon write an article on the
Chagossians living in Seychelles.
He thanked all those who had helped him with his work and those who are now helping the islanders.
He said he was originally asked by lawyers for the Chagossians to carry out research but then saw the opportunity to broaden the idea
and help the people in their struggles by writing the book.
Island of Shame will be on sale soon at the Antigone bookshop in Victoria.
Click here to read more>>
27.06.2009
A new book entitled Island of Shame, based on the history of the Chagossians and their final eviction from Diego Garcia, was launched
yesterday.
The event was hosted by the Liaison Unit of Non-Governmental Organisations of Seychelles (Lungos) at its office in Victoria.
Island of Shame: the Secret History of the US Military Base on Diego Garcia was written by David Vine and presents the history of the
Chagos archipelago, the first settlement in Chagos and how the Chagossians were eventually betrayed.
It is the first major book to reveal the truth of how the United States conspired with the British to remove the natives of Diego Garcia
from their homeland in the late 1960s and early 1970s and deport them to Seychelles and Mauritius.
Mr Vine also describes the people’s dramatic, unfolding story in their struggle to survive in the countries they were sent to and their fight
to regain possession of their land.
A copy of the book was presented to Jerry Morel, a member of the Chagos Social Committee, in the presence of its chairman Pierre
Prosper and other members.
Also represented were the Good Governance Commission, the Constitutional Review Committee and the Centre for Rights and
Development.
Those present raised concerns, asked questions and shared views during the short ceremony about the Chagossians and their struggles.
They heard that the Chagossians who were sent to Seychelles were left on the dock without any means of survival. Those who had
relations in the country received help, while others were taken to live in the old prison at Union Vale.
Through the years, many of them continued to experience difficult conditions while being unsure of their legal status in the country.
Unlike those sent to Mauritius, the Seychelles Chagossians did not receive any compensation, and it is one of the Chagos committee’s
priorities to find the reasons why they were not included in the payments.
Despite their difficulties, Chagossians in both countries have been active in pushing their case. They won three law suits in the British
High Court but finally failed in the House of Lords, after an appeal by the British government, in October 2008.
Mr Vine, an assistant professor of anthropology at the American University in Washington DC, said he will soon write an article on the
Chagossians living in Seychelles.
He thanked all those who had helped him with his work and those who are now helping the islanders.
He said he was originally asked by lawyers for the Chagossians to carry out research but then saw the opportunity to broaden the idea
and help the people in their struggles by writing the book.
Island of Shame will be on sale soon at the Antigone bookshop in Victoria.
Click here to read more>>
| Click map for larger view |
| Click flag for Country Report |
James Alix Michel
President since 14 April 2004
President since 14 April 2004
Joseph Belmont
Vice President since 14 April 2004
Vice President since 14 April 2004
| TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS |
None reported.
James Alix Michel
President since 14 April 2004
President since 14 April 2004