| ANDORRA Principality of Andorra Principat d'Andorra Joined United Nations: 28 July 1993 Human Rights as assured by their constitution Click here Updated 08/20/10 |
| CAPITAL |
| POPULATION |
| CHIEF OF STATE |
| SELECTION PROCESS |
Andorra la Vella
84,525 (July 2010 est.)
Nicolas Sarkozy
French co-prince since 16 May 2007
French co-prince since 16 May 2007
French president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
representative appointed by the French president on the advice of
the French Ministry of Interior. Election last held 17 May 2007);
Next scheduled election: first round April 2012, second
round May 2012
Spanish co-prince selected by the Pope; representative selected
by the Spanish co-prince
representative appointed by the French president on the advice of
the French Ministry of Interior. Election last held 17 May 2007);
Next scheduled election: first round April 2012, second
round May 2012
Spanish co-prince selected by the Pope; representative selected
by the Spanish co-prince
HEAD OF GOVERNMENT
SELECTION PROCESS
Bishop Joan Enric Vives i Sicilia
Spanish co-prince since 26 March 2004
Spanish co-prince since 26 March 2004
Executive Council president elected by the General Council and
formally appointed by the co-princes for a four-year term;
election last held 26 April 2009
Next to be held: April-May 2013
formally appointed by the co-princes for a four-year term;
election last held 26 April 2009
Next to be held: April-May 2013
| DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS |
| ETHNIC GROUPS |
Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other 6% (1998)
| RELIGIONS |
Roman Catholic (predominant)
| GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE |
Parliamentary Democracy (since March 1993) that retains as its chiefs of state a co-principality; the two princes are
the president of France and bishop of Seo de Urgel, Spain, who are represented locally by co-princes'
representatives; 7 parishes (parroquies, singular - parroquia); Legal system is based on French and Spanish civil
codes; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Executive: French co-prince President of France elected through popular election by the citizens of France for five year
and Spanish co-prince selected by the Holy Roman Catholic Pope with no term limits. Executive Council president elected
by the General Council and formally appointed by the co-princes for a four-year term; election last held 26 April 2009 (next
to be held in April-May 2013)
Legislative: Unicameral General Council of the Valleys or Consell General de las Valls (28 seats; members are
elected by direct popular vote, 14 from a single national constituency and 14 to represent each of the seven parishes;
members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 26 April 2009 (next to be held in March-April 2013)
Judicial: Tribunal of Judges or Tribunal de Batlles; Tribunal of the Courts or Tribunal de Corts; Supreme Court of
Justice of Andorra or Tribunal Superior de Justicia d'Andorra; Supreme Council of Justice or Consell Superior de la
Justicia; Fiscal Ministry or Ministeri Fiscal; Constitutional Tribunal or Tribunal Constitucional
the president of France and bishop of Seo de Urgel, Spain, who are represented locally by co-princes'
representatives; 7 parishes (parroquies, singular - parroquia); Legal system is based on French and Spanish civil
codes; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Executive: French co-prince President of France elected through popular election by the citizens of France for five year
and Spanish co-prince selected by the Holy Roman Catholic Pope with no term limits. Executive Council president elected
by the General Council and formally appointed by the co-princes for a four-year term; election last held 26 April 2009 (next
to be held in April-May 2013)
Legislative: Unicameral General Council of the Valleys or Consell General de las Valls (28 seats; members are
elected by direct popular vote, 14 from a single national constituency and 14 to represent each of the seven parishes;
members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 26 April 2009 (next to be held in March-April 2013)
Judicial: Tribunal of Judges or Tribunal de Batlles; Tribunal of the Courts or Tribunal de Corts; Supreme Court of
Justice of Andorra or Tribunal Superior de Justicia d'Andorra; Supreme Council of Justice or Consell Superior de la
Justicia; Fiscal Ministry or Ministeri Fiscal; Constitutional Tribunal or Tribunal Constitucional
| LANGUAGES |
Catalan (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese
| BRIEF HISTORY |
Andorra is the last independent survivor of the Marca Hispanica, the buffer states created by Charlemagne to keep the
Islamic Moors from advancing into Christian France. Tradition holds that Charlemagne granted a charter to the
Andorran people in return for their fighting the Moors. In the 800s, Charlemagne's grandson, Charles the Bald, named
the Count of Urgell as overlord of Andorra. A descendant of the count later gave the lands to the Diocese of Urgell,
headed by Bishop of Urgell. In the 11th century, fearing military action by neighboring lords, the bishop placed himself
under the protection of the Lord of Caboet, a Catalan nobleman. Later, the Count of Foix became heir to the Lord of
Caboet through marriage, and a dispute arose between the French Count and the Catalan bishop over Andorra. In
1278, the conflict was resolved by the signing of a pareage (pariatges), which provided that Andorra's sovereignty be
shared between the Count of Foix and the Bishop of La Seu d'Urgell (Catalonia, Spain). The pareage, a feudal
institution recognizing the principle of equality of rights shared by two rulers, gave the small state its territory and
political form. In return, Andorra pays an annual tribute or questia to the co-rulers consisting of four hams, forty loaves
of bread, and some wine. As of the year 2006, Andorra's borders have remained unchanged since 1278. Andorra was
briefly annexed to Aragon twice, in 1396 and 1512. Over the years the title passed to the kings of Navarre, and under
the king of France Henry IV, an edict in 1607 established the head of the French state and the Bishop of Urgell as co-
princes of Andorra. In the period 1812–13, the French Empire annexed Catalonia and divided it in four departments.
Andorra was also annexed and made part of the district of Puigcerdà (département of Sègre). In 1933 France
occupied Andorra as a result of social unrest before elections. On July 12, 1934, an adventurer named Boris
Skossyreff issued a proclamation in Urgel, declaring himself Boris I, sovereign prince of Andorra, simultaneously
declaring war on the bishop of Urgel. He was arrested by Spanish authorities on July 20 and ultimately expelled from
Spain. From 1936 to 1940, a French detachment was garrisoned in Andorra to prevent influences of the Spanish Civil
War and Franco's Spain. During the Second World War, Andorra remained neutral and was an important smuggling
route between Vichy France and Spain. In 1958 Andorra declared peace with Germany, having been forgotten on the
Treaty of Versailles that ended the First World War and, the conflict being extended by the lack of a peace treaty,
remaining legally at war. Given its relative isolation, Andorra has existed outside the mainstream of European history,
with few ties to countries other than France and Spain. In recent times, however, its thriving tourist industry along with
developments in transport and communications have removed the country from its isolation.
Sources: Wikipedia: History of Andorra
Islamic Moors from advancing into Christian France. Tradition holds that Charlemagne granted a charter to the
Andorran people in return for their fighting the Moors. In the 800s, Charlemagne's grandson, Charles the Bald, named
the Count of Urgell as overlord of Andorra. A descendant of the count later gave the lands to the Diocese of Urgell,
headed by Bishop of Urgell. In the 11th century, fearing military action by neighboring lords, the bishop placed himself
under the protection of the Lord of Caboet, a Catalan nobleman. Later, the Count of Foix became heir to the Lord of
Caboet through marriage, and a dispute arose between the French Count and the Catalan bishop over Andorra. In
1278, the conflict was resolved by the signing of a pareage (pariatges), which provided that Andorra's sovereignty be
shared between the Count of Foix and the Bishop of La Seu d'Urgell (Catalonia, Spain). The pareage, a feudal
institution recognizing the principle of equality of rights shared by two rulers, gave the small state its territory and
political form. In return, Andorra pays an annual tribute or questia to the co-rulers consisting of four hams, forty loaves
of bread, and some wine. As of the year 2006, Andorra's borders have remained unchanged since 1278. Andorra was
briefly annexed to Aragon twice, in 1396 and 1512. Over the years the title passed to the kings of Navarre, and under
the king of France Henry IV, an edict in 1607 established the head of the French state and the Bishop of Urgell as co-
princes of Andorra. In the period 1812–13, the French Empire annexed Catalonia and divided it in four departments.
Andorra was also annexed and made part of the district of Puigcerdà (département of Sègre). In 1933 France
occupied Andorra as a result of social unrest before elections. On July 12, 1934, an adventurer named Boris
Skossyreff issued a proclamation in Urgel, declaring himself Boris I, sovereign prince of Andorra, simultaneously
declaring war on the bishop of Urgel. He was arrested by Spanish authorities on July 20 and ultimately expelled from
Spain. From 1936 to 1940, a French detachment was garrisoned in Andorra to prevent influences of the Spanish Civil
War and Franco's Spain. During the Second World War, Andorra remained neutral and was an important smuggling
route between Vichy France and Spain. In 1958 Andorra declared peace with Germany, having been forgotten on the
Treaty of Versailles that ended the First World War and, the conflict being extended by the lack of a peace treaty,
remaining legally at war. Given its relative isolation, Andorra has existed outside the mainstream of European history,
with few ties to countries other than France and Spain. In recent times, however, its thriving tourist industry along with
developments in transport and communications have removed the country from its isolation.
Sources: Wikipedia: History of Andorra
| ECONOMIC OVERVIEW |
Tourism, the mainstay of Andorra's tiny, well-to-do economy, accounts for more than 80% of GDP. An estimated 11
million tourists visit annually, attracted by Andorra's duty-free status for some products and by its summer and winter
resorts. Andorra's comparative advantage eroded when the borders of neighboring France and Spain opened,
providing broader availability of goods and lower tariffs. The banking sector, with its partial "tax haven" status, also
contributes substantially to the economy. Agricultural production is limited - only 2% of the land is arable - and most
food has to be imported. The principal livestock activity is sheep raising. Manufacturing output consists mainly of
cigarettes, cigars, and furniture. Andorra is a member of the EU Customs Union and is treated as an EU member for
trade in manufactured goods (no tariffs) and as a non-EU member for agricultural products.
Source: CIA World Factbook (Select Andorra)
million tourists visit annually, attracted by Andorra's duty-free status for some products and by its summer and winter
resorts. Andorra's comparative advantage eroded when the borders of neighboring France and Spain opened,
providing broader availability of goods and lower tariffs. The banking sector, with its partial "tax haven" status, also
contributes substantially to the economy. Agricultural production is limited - only 2% of the land is arable - and most
food has to be imported. The principal livestock activity is sheep raising. Manufacturing output consists mainly of
cigarettes, cigars, and furniture. Andorra is a member of the EU Customs Union and is treated as an EU member for
trade in manufactured goods (no tariffs) and as a non-EU member for agricultural products.
Source: CIA World Factbook (Select Andorra)
| POLITICAL CLIMATE |
Andorra's young democracy is in the process of redefining its political party system. Three out of the five parties that
dominated the political scene in past years have dissolved. The Liberal Union or UL, (current head of government
Forn's party) is trying to reshape itself and change its name to that of the Liberal Party of Andorra (PLA), thus offering
a political umbrella to small parties and groups that have not yet found their place. Another party by the name of the
Social Democratic Party has been formed and is designed to attract parties previously aligned with socialist ideals.
Given the number of parties and Andorra's relative size, no one party controls the General Council; therefore, legislative
majorities arise through coalitions. Since the 1993 constitutional ratification, three coalition governments have formed.
The current government unites the UL, the CNA (National Andorran Coalition), and another relatively small party with
Marc Forné Molné, a Liberal Unionist, as Cap de Govern, or head of government.
The government has continued to address many long-awaited reforms. In addition to legalizing political parties and
trade unions for the first time, freedom of religion and assembly also have been legally guaranteed. Most significant has
been a redefinition of the qualifications for Andorran citizenship, a major issue in a country where only 13,000 of
65,000 are legal citizens. In 1995, a law to broaden citizenship was passed but citizenship remains hard to acquire, with
only Andorran nationals being able to transmit citizenship automatically to their children. Lawful residents in Andorra
who are nationals of France, Spain or Portugal may obtain citizenship after 10 years of residency; for other nationals,
citizenship may be obtained after 20 years of residency. Children of residents may opt for Andorran citizenship after
age 18 if they resided virtually all of their lives in Andorra. Mere birth on Andorran soil does not confer citizenship.
Dual nationality is not permitted. Noncitizens are allowed to own only a 33% share of a company. Only after they have
resided in the country for 20 years, will they be entitled to own a 100% of a company. A proposed law to reduce the
necessary years from 20 to 10 is being debated in Parliament.
By creating a modern legal framework for the country, the 1993 constitution has allowed Andorra to begin a shift from
an economy based largely on duty-free shopping to one based on international banking and finance. Despite promising
new changes, it is likely that Andorra will, at least for the short term, continue to confront a number of difficult issues
arising from the large influx of foreign residents and the need to develop modern social and political institutions. In
addition to questions of Andorran nationality and immigration policy, other priority issues will include allowing freedom
of association, dealing with housing scarcities and speculation in real state, developing the tourist industry and
renegotiating the relationship with the European Union.
A secessionist movement exists, based at Pas de la Casa. This has only limited support. The Front Envaliran de
Libération proposes a state in association with France.
Sources: Wikipedia: Politics of Andorra
dominated the political scene in past years have dissolved. The Liberal Union or UL, (current head of government
Forn's party) is trying to reshape itself and change its name to that of the Liberal Party of Andorra (PLA), thus offering
a political umbrella to small parties and groups that have not yet found their place. Another party by the name of the
Social Democratic Party has been formed and is designed to attract parties previously aligned with socialist ideals.
Given the number of parties and Andorra's relative size, no one party controls the General Council; therefore, legislative
majorities arise through coalitions. Since the 1993 constitutional ratification, three coalition governments have formed.
The current government unites the UL, the CNA (National Andorran Coalition), and another relatively small party with
Marc Forné Molné, a Liberal Unionist, as Cap de Govern, or head of government.
The government has continued to address many long-awaited reforms. In addition to legalizing political parties and
trade unions for the first time, freedom of religion and assembly also have been legally guaranteed. Most significant has
been a redefinition of the qualifications for Andorran citizenship, a major issue in a country where only 13,000 of
65,000 are legal citizens. In 1995, a law to broaden citizenship was passed but citizenship remains hard to acquire, with
only Andorran nationals being able to transmit citizenship automatically to their children. Lawful residents in Andorra
who are nationals of France, Spain or Portugal may obtain citizenship after 10 years of residency; for other nationals,
citizenship may be obtained after 20 years of residency. Children of residents may opt for Andorran citizenship after
age 18 if they resided virtually all of their lives in Andorra. Mere birth on Andorran soil does not confer citizenship.
Dual nationality is not permitted. Noncitizens are allowed to own only a 33% share of a company. Only after they have
resided in the country for 20 years, will they be entitled to own a 100% of a company. A proposed law to reduce the
necessary years from 20 to 10 is being debated in Parliament.
By creating a modern legal framework for the country, the 1993 constitution has allowed Andorra to begin a shift from
an economy based largely on duty-free shopping to one based on international banking and finance. Despite promising
new changes, it is likely that Andorra will, at least for the short term, continue to confront a number of difficult issues
arising from the large influx of foreign residents and the need to develop modern social and political institutions. In
addition to questions of Andorran nationality and immigration policy, other priority issues will include allowing freedom
of association, dealing with housing scarcities and speculation in real state, developing the tourist industry and
renegotiating the relationship with the European Union.
A secessionist movement exists, based at Pas de la Casa. This has only limited support. The Front Envaliran de
Libération proposes a state in association with France.
Sources: Wikipedia: Politics of Andorra
| INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES |
None reported.
| REFUGEES AND INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS (IDP) |
None reported.
| ILLICIT DRUGS |
None reported.
| HUMAN RIGHTS STATEMENTS, ANALYSIS AND CRITIQUES |
2009 Human Rights Report: Andorra
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
March 11, 2010
The Principality of Andorra is a constitutional parliamentary democracy with a population of approximately 84,500. Two princes--
the president of France and the Spanish bishop of La Seu d'Urgell--serve with joint authority as heads of state, and a delegate
represents each in the country. In April the country held free and fair multiparty elections for the 28 seats in the General Council of
the Valleys, which selects the head of government. Civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces.
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
March 11, 2010
The Principality of Andorra is a constitutional parliamentary democracy with a population of approximately 84,500. Two princes--
the president of France and the Spanish bishop of La Seu d'Urgell--serve with joint authority as heads of state, and a delegate
represents each in the country. In April the country held free and fair multiparty elections for the 28 seats in the General Council of
the Valleys, which selects the head of government. Civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces.
- The ombudsman reported prolonged pretrial detention and violence against women and children.
- The law does not protect the right of workers to form and join unions or unions' right to bargain collectively and to strike.
17 March 2006
COMMITTEE ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD
Forty-first session
CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 8 OF THE OPTIONAL
PROTOCOL TO THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD ON THE INVOLVEMENT OF CHILDREN IN
ARMED CONFLICT
Concluding observations: Andorra
A. Introduction
2. The Committee welcomes the submission of the State party’s comprehensive report, which gives information on the
implementation of the Optional Protocol. The Committee appreciates the frank and constructive dialogue held with the high-level
delegation.
3. The Committee reminds the State party that these concluding observations should be read in conjunction with its previous
concluding observations adopted on the State party’s initial report on 2 February 2002 contained in CRC/C/15/Add.176.
B. Positive aspects
4. The Committee notes with appreciation the State party’s international and bilateral technical cooperation activities aimed at
preventing the involvement of children in armed conflicts.
5. The Committee notes with appreciation the financial support provided by the State party to United Nations programmes and
funds, including the programme of the Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General on Children and Armed
Conflicts. It also commends that resources have been allocated by the State party to non-governmental organizations directly or
indirectly concerned with the involvement of children in armed conflicts and their rehabilitation.
C. Principle areas of concern and recommendations
Recruitment
6. The Committee notes that the State party does not have armed forces and that consequently there is no legal regulation of
voluntary or compulsory recruitment. The absence of armed forces does not however exclude the possibility of individuals or
groups undertaking efforts to recruit children for foreign armed forces or groups and the Committee is concerned that
the recruitment of children is not explicitly mentioned as crime in the State party’s criminal code.
7. The Committee recommends that the State party take the necessary legislative measures to criminalize recruitment of children
and for the inclusion of this crime in article 8, paragraph 8 of its criminal code, which establishes extraterritorial jurisdiction.
Click here to read more »
COMMITTEE ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD
Forty-first session
CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 8 OF THE OPTIONAL
PROTOCOL TO THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD ON THE INVOLVEMENT OF CHILDREN IN
ARMED CONFLICT
Concluding observations: Andorra
A. Introduction
2. The Committee welcomes the submission of the State party’s comprehensive report, which gives information on the
implementation of the Optional Protocol. The Committee appreciates the frank and constructive dialogue held with the high-level
delegation.
3. The Committee reminds the State party that these concluding observations should be read in conjunction with its previous
concluding observations adopted on the State party’s initial report on 2 February 2002 contained in CRC/C/15/Add.176.
B. Positive aspects
4. The Committee notes with appreciation the State party’s international and bilateral technical cooperation activities aimed at
preventing the involvement of children in armed conflicts.
5. The Committee notes with appreciation the financial support provided by the State party to United Nations programmes and
funds, including the programme of the Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General on Children and Armed
Conflicts. It also commends that resources have been allocated by the State party to non-governmental organizations directly or
indirectly concerned with the involvement of children in armed conflicts and their rehabilitation.
C. Principle areas of concern and recommendations
Recruitment
6. The Committee notes that the State party does not have armed forces and that consequently there is no legal regulation of
voluntary or compulsory recruitment. The absence of armed forces does not however exclude the possibility of individuals or
groups undertaking efforts to recruit children for foreign armed forces or groups and the Committee is concerned that
the recruitment of children is not explicitly mentioned as crime in the State party’s criminal code.
7. The Committee recommends that the State party take the necessary legislative measures to criminalize recruitment of children
and for the inclusion of this crime in article 8, paragraph 8 of its criminal code, which establishes extraterritorial jurisdiction.
Click here to read more »
Freedom In The World 2010 Report
Political Rights Score: 1
Civil Liberties Score: 1
Status: Free
Overview
In March 2009, French president Nicolas Sarkozy threatened to resign as co-prince of Andorra if the principality did not improve
its banking laws and increase transparency. The Andorran government proposed legislation in September that would ease bank-
secrecy rules. The Social Democratic Party took power in the April parliamentary elections, defeating the incumbent Liberal Party
of Andorra.
As a co-principality, Andorra was ruled for centuries by the French head of state and the bishop of Seu d’Urgel, Spain. The 1993
constitution retained the titular co-princes but transformed the government into a parliamentary democracy. Andorra joined the
United Nations that year and the Council of Europe in 1994, but it is not a member of the European Union (EU).
In April 2009, the country held national elections, bringing the Social Democratic Party to power with 14 out of the 28 seats in the
Consell General, or parliament. The Reformist Coalition, including the incumbent Liberal Party of Andorra which had ruled for 15
years, won 11 seats, and the remaining 3 seats were taken by Andorra for Change. Jaume Bartumeu of the Social Democratic Party
replaced Albert Pintat as the Cap de Govern (Head of Government) in June.
In the first half of the year, the Pintat government continued to implement banking reforms as required by the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which led to Andorra’s removal from the OECD “gray list” in April 2009. The
country has participated in the EU Savings Tax Directive since 2005, which provided a way to tax revenue from savings accounts
held by EU citizens in a member state other than their country of residence or in certain non-EU countries.
In March 2009, French president Nicolas Sarkozy threatened to renounce his title as co-prince if Andorra did not increase the
transparency of its banking system. The government proposed a law in September that lifts bank secrecy on information requested
by other countries; the law was expected to be implemented in 2010.
Andorra is an electoral democracy. Popular elections to the 28-member Consell General, which selects the executive council
president, or head of government, are held every four years. Half of the members are chosen in two-seat constituencies known as
parishes, and the other half are chosen through a national system of proportional representation.
Click here to read more »
Political Rights Score: 1
Civil Liberties Score: 1
Status: Free
Overview
In March 2009, French president Nicolas Sarkozy threatened to resign as co-prince of Andorra if the principality did not improve
its banking laws and increase transparency. The Andorran government proposed legislation in September that would ease bank-
secrecy rules. The Social Democratic Party took power in the April parliamentary elections, defeating the incumbent Liberal Party
of Andorra.
As a co-principality, Andorra was ruled for centuries by the French head of state and the bishop of Seu d’Urgel, Spain. The 1993
constitution retained the titular co-princes but transformed the government into a parliamentary democracy. Andorra joined the
United Nations that year and the Council of Europe in 1994, but it is not a member of the European Union (EU).
In April 2009, the country held national elections, bringing the Social Democratic Party to power with 14 out of the 28 seats in the
Consell General, or parliament. The Reformist Coalition, including the incumbent Liberal Party of Andorra which had ruled for 15
years, won 11 seats, and the remaining 3 seats were taken by Andorra for Change. Jaume Bartumeu of the Social Democratic Party
replaced Albert Pintat as the Cap de Govern (Head of Government) in June.
In the first half of the year, the Pintat government continued to implement banking reforms as required by the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which led to Andorra’s removal from the OECD “gray list” in April 2009. The
country has participated in the EU Savings Tax Directive since 2005, which provided a way to tax revenue from savings accounts
held by EU citizens in a member state other than their country of residence or in certain non-EU countries.
In March 2009, French president Nicolas Sarkozy threatened to renounce his title as co-prince if Andorra did not increase the
transparency of its banking system. The government proposed a law in September that lifts bank secrecy on information requested
by other countries; the law was expected to be implemented in 2010.
Andorra is an electoral democracy. Popular elections to the 28-member Consell General, which selects the executive council
president, or head of government, are held every four years. Half of the members are chosen in two-seat constituencies known as
parishes, and the other half are chosen through a national system of proportional representation.
Click here to read more »
1 May 2001
AI Index EUR 12/002/2001 - News Service Nr. 78
Andorra : 30th country to ratify the Rome Statute- Halfway towards the International Criminal Court
"Andorra's ratification of the Rome Statute is not only an important national commitment to end impunity for the worst crimes
known to humanity but also marks a major milestone for the international community in the establishment of the Court" Amnesty
International said today.
On 30 April Andorra became the 30th country to ratify the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, bringing the
international community to the important halfway mark of ratifications required to establish the Court.
There is overwhelming support within the international community for the Court. By the deadline for signatures on 31 December
2000, 139 states had signed the Statute.
Amnesty International calls upon all those states that have signed the Rome Statute to make ratification a national priority so that the
60th ratification is reached and the Court can be established as soon as possible.
The Court will prosecute individuals accused of crimes including genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes committed
both in international and non-international conflicts.
"In the past, perpetrators of these crimes have acted in the knowledge that they are unlikely to be held accountable for their actions
and victims have been denied their right to see justice done. The Court is an important opportunity for the world to halt this trend."
Amnesty International said.
Andorra should now enact implementing legislation consistent with Amnesty International's Checklist for effective implementation
(AI Index: IOR 40/11/00), to ensure that it can cooperate effectively with the Court. In particular, Andorra should enact or amend
its national laws to ensure that its national courts can prosecute people accused of committing these crimes regardless of where the
crime was committed, the nationality of the accused or the victim.
"By ensuring that its territory is not a safe haven for perpetrators of these crimes, Andorra would set an important example for the
world to follow." added the organization.
Click here to read more »
AI Index EUR 12/002/2001 - News Service Nr. 78
Andorra : 30th country to ratify the Rome Statute- Halfway towards the International Criminal Court
"Andorra's ratification of the Rome Statute is not only an important national commitment to end impunity for the worst crimes
known to humanity but also marks a major milestone for the international community in the establishment of the Court" Amnesty
International said today.
On 30 April Andorra became the 30th country to ratify the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, bringing the
international community to the important halfway mark of ratifications required to establish the Court.
There is overwhelming support within the international community for the Court. By the deadline for signatures on 31 December
2000, 139 states had signed the Statute.
Amnesty International calls upon all those states that have signed the Rome Statute to make ratification a national priority so that the
60th ratification is reached and the Court can be established as soon as possible.
The Court will prosecute individuals accused of crimes including genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes committed
both in international and non-international conflicts.
"In the past, perpetrators of these crimes have acted in the knowledge that they are unlikely to be held accountable for their actions
and victims have been denied their right to see justice done. The Court is an important opportunity for the world to halt this trend."
Amnesty International said.
Andorra should now enact implementing legislation consistent with Amnesty International's Checklist for effective implementation
(AI Index: IOR 40/11/00), to ensure that it can cooperate effectively with the Court. In particular, Andorra should enact or amend
its national laws to ensure that its national courts can prosecute people accused of committing these crimes regardless of where the
crime was committed, the nationality of the accused or the victim.
"By ensuring that its territory is not a safe haven for perpetrators of these crimes, Andorra would set an important example for the
world to follow." added the organization.
Click here to read more »
Turkey lags behind fellow Council of Europe members on recognition of right to conscientious objection
Human Rights Watch Letter to Turkish Prime Minister
September 12, 2006
We write today to urge you to recognize the right to conscientious objection and to provide a civilian alternative for those who
refuse on the basis of conscience to serve in the armed forces.
Turkish law punishes conscientious objectors under articles 58 and 87 of the Turkish Military Criminal Code, which provide
imprisonment ranging from two months to two years for “undermining national resistance” and “wilfully disobeying an order”
respectively. Conscientious objectors may also be punished under article 318 of the Turkish Criminal Code for “alienating the public
from the institution of military service,” which carries a possible prison term of up to four and a half years.
These provisions conflict with international human rights law, which recognizes conscientious objection as a fundamental right.
Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and article 9 of the European Human Rights
Convention (ECHR), both ratified by Turkey, safeguard freedom of thought, conscience and religion. The United Nations, in its
interpretation of ICCPR article 18, affirmed that “the obligation to use lethal force may seriously conflict with the freedom of
conscience and the right to manifest one’s religion or belief“ and urged member states to offer alternative civilian service. (General
Comment No. 22: July 30, 1993.) The Council of Europe has urged that “Anyone liable to conscription for military service who,
for compelling reasons of conscience, refuses to be involved in the use of arms, shall have the right to be released from the
obligation to perform such service” (Recommendation R(87)8 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe.)
Many Council of Europe countries have no compulsory service. These are Andorra, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Hungary,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Poland, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain and United Kingdom.
Click here to read more »
Human Rights Watch Letter to Turkish Prime Minister
September 12, 2006
We write today to urge you to recognize the right to conscientious objection and to provide a civilian alternative for those who
refuse on the basis of conscience to serve in the armed forces.
Turkish law punishes conscientious objectors under articles 58 and 87 of the Turkish Military Criminal Code, which provide
imprisonment ranging from two months to two years for “undermining national resistance” and “wilfully disobeying an order”
respectively. Conscientious objectors may also be punished under article 318 of the Turkish Criminal Code for “alienating the public
from the institution of military service,” which carries a possible prison term of up to four and a half years.
These provisions conflict with international human rights law, which recognizes conscientious objection as a fundamental right.
Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and article 9 of the European Human Rights
Convention (ECHR), both ratified by Turkey, safeguard freedom of thought, conscience and religion. The United Nations, in its
interpretation of ICCPR article 18, affirmed that “the obligation to use lethal force may seriously conflict with the freedom of
conscience and the right to manifest one’s religion or belief“ and urged member states to offer alternative civilian service. (General
Comment No. 22: July 30, 1993.) The Council of Europe has urged that “Anyone liable to conscription for military service who,
for compelling reasons of conscience, refuses to be involved in the use of arms, shall have the right to be released from the
obligation to perform such service” (Recommendation R(87)8 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe.)
Many Council of Europe countries have no compulsory service. These are Andorra, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Hungary,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Poland, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain and United Kingdom.
Click here to read more »
TRANSLATED FROM FRENCH BY GOOGLE TRANSLATE
SPEECH BY H. E. Mr XAVIER ESPOT MIRÓ MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND INSTITUTIONAL RELATIONS
PRINCIPALITY OF ANDORRA
New York, Saturday, September 26, 2009
Ladies and gentlemen,
Let me apologize for the absence of the Head of Government, Jaume Bartumeu Cassany who, because of constraints of institutional
agenda, could not perform Travel to attend the general debate.
It is a great honor for the Principality of Andorra and the Government I represents the opportunity to speak before this audience.
Andorrans, aware of what is to be a small state in within the United Nations did not pretend to mark the international politics.
However, we clearly demonstrate our commitment to respect and defend international law, rules of good neighborliness and the
principle of solidarity between peoples.
Our natural environment is that of Europe and we want to be recognized not only on questions of cultural affinity and historical but
also in the legal and economic. After all, we share with the rest of Europe the concept of solidarity, both internally and externally,
and relationships international.
We have since 1993 a constitutional framework that allows us to translate those principles in practice so they become a reality.
Precisely because of this constitutional framework, August 10, 2009 that we presented a bill of exchange of information in tax
matters. This bill once debated and amended, was approved by Parliament last September 7.
Let's be clear: - Tax havens and tax opacity - stigmatized and reported as two of the great scourges of the twentieth century
financial - are two areas and the Andorran want to correct. This strategic position is clear and our commitment is firm. In parallel,
we propose to complete a reform depends progressive will allocate resources to priorities interest General. It will show Europe and
other states our desire to have reports clear, transparent and accountable.
Click here to read more »
SPEECH BY H. E. Mr XAVIER ESPOT MIRÓ MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND INSTITUTIONAL RELATIONS
PRINCIPALITY OF ANDORRA
New York, Saturday, September 26, 2009
Ladies and gentlemen,
Let me apologize for the absence of the Head of Government, Jaume Bartumeu Cassany who, because of constraints of institutional
agenda, could not perform Travel to attend the general debate.
It is a great honor for the Principality of Andorra and the Government I represents the opportunity to speak before this audience.
Andorrans, aware of what is to be a small state in within the United Nations did not pretend to mark the international politics.
However, we clearly demonstrate our commitment to respect and defend international law, rules of good neighborliness and the
principle of solidarity between peoples.
Our natural environment is that of Europe and we want to be recognized not only on questions of cultural affinity and historical but
also in the legal and economic. After all, we share with the rest of Europe the concept of solidarity, both internally and externally,
and relationships international.
We have since 1993 a constitutional framework that allows us to translate those principles in practice so they become a reality.
Precisely because of this constitutional framework, August 10, 2009 that we presented a bill of exchange of information in tax
matters. This bill once debated and amended, was approved by Parliament last September 7.
Let's be clear: - Tax havens and tax opacity - stigmatized and reported as two of the great scourges of the twentieth century
financial - are two areas and the Andorran want to correct. This strategic position is clear and our commitment is firm. In parallel,
we propose to complete a reform depends progressive will allocate resources to priorities interest General. It will show Europe and
other states our desire to have reports clear, transparent and accountable.
Click here to read more »
TRANSLATED FROM CATALAN BY GOOGLE TRANSLATE
Housing
Increase in complaints to the reasoning for rent
The annual report to the General Council noted that the legislation is unclear and difficult for customers to consult
02/06/10
Claims presented by conflicts between tenants and tenants of housing led to a significant part of the job of Ombudsman last year.
The annual report is submitted to the General Council, Peter Canturri highlights the "significant number of complaints" and noted
that a possible solution to this increase is because from the executive officer of advancing a model for contracts , as well as
ensuring that users can receive a "clear and comprehensible information" about their rights and obligations when you close a deal
like this.
During 2009, the organization opened a total of 266 cases. The figure represents a minimal increase compared to a year ago when
they were initiated 258. In all these cases, 27 referred to the disagreement by the actions of the owners of leased properties. The
report, which explains the reasoning of complaints against this important arrival, "they get in contact with the Minister of Health,
Labour and Welfare to highlight that, among others, one reason lies in the problems the difficulty of the Law on leases of urban
properties. "It is a text dense and difficult to see the most affected," says Canturri, and this suggests that the necessary steps so
that, when signing a lease, you have access to all legal information.
A clear and comprehensive contract
The reasoning considers "desirable" that all contracts be subject to an official form, which ensures that the clauses fully conform to
the law and avoid possible ambiguous interpretations. 'Il'arrendatari The tenant must have the guarantee that what is accepted in
sign corresponds to what is regulated, Canturri points in the report, adding that in this template only added a list of basic rules of
law, such as those affecting the minimum rental period, the renewal notice time to leave the floor or to recover the bail conditions,
among others.
The report also points out that many of the inquiries received relate to amounts that the owner of the property bill but not clearly
justified. Canturri regrets that, in many cases, "the tenants desisted in their complaints because they feel powerless eternal
il'amenaça see the contract terminated without renewal or may suffer a price increase."
Click here to read more »
Housing
Increase in complaints to the reasoning for rent
The annual report to the General Council noted that the legislation is unclear and difficult for customers to consult
02/06/10
Claims presented by conflicts between tenants and tenants of housing led to a significant part of the job of Ombudsman last year.
The annual report is submitted to the General Council, Peter Canturri highlights the "significant number of complaints" and noted
that a possible solution to this increase is because from the executive officer of advancing a model for contracts , as well as
ensuring that users can receive a "clear and comprehensible information" about their rights and obligations when you close a deal
like this.
During 2009, the organization opened a total of 266 cases. The figure represents a minimal increase compared to a year ago when
they were initiated 258. In all these cases, 27 referred to the disagreement by the actions of the owners of leased properties. The
report, which explains the reasoning of complaints against this important arrival, "they get in contact with the Minister of Health,
Labour and Welfare to highlight that, among others, one reason lies in the problems the difficulty of the Law on leases of urban
properties. "It is a text dense and difficult to see the most affected," says Canturri, and this suggests that the necessary steps so
that, when signing a lease, you have access to all legal information.
A clear and comprehensive contract
The reasoning considers "desirable" that all contracts be subject to an official form, which ensures that the clauses fully conform to
the law and avoid possible ambiguous interpretations. 'Il'arrendatari The tenant must have the guarantee that what is accepted in
sign corresponds to what is regulated, Canturri points in the report, adding that in this template only added a list of basic rules of
law, such as those affecting the minimum rental period, the renewal notice time to leave the floor or to recover the bail conditions,
among others.
The report also points out that many of the inquiries received relate to amounts that the owner of the property bill but not clearly
justified. Canturri regrets that, in many cases, "the tenants desisted in their complaints because they feel powerless eternal
il'amenaça see the contract terminated without renewal or may suffer a price increase."
Click here to read more »
TRANSLATED FROM CATALAN BY GOOGLE TRANSLATE
HUMAN RIGHTS INSTITUTE OF ANDORRA
INTRODUCTION
01 September 2007
Often when we think about human rights abuses, first we spirit sold are those that threaten the security and freedom of the
individual and unfortunately today there are still many countries that do not respected. Those who already have a few years,
remember how cruel regimes were dictatorships ranging from the dictatorship of Spain to the South American (Chile, Argentina,
Uruguay ....), through Stalin's USSR or African regimes bloody like Idi Amin of Uganda.
Acts such as the Tiananmen Square massacre, the end of spring Prague by the Soviet army, or recently segrestaments on European
soil in by the CIA, make us wonder what is the declaration of rights ensure respect for the man most countries that have signed
and all often the most powerful do not.
This is why since 1967 until now, the UN has not stopped strive to create internal structures (committees, Council) that studying
the violation of human rights by member countries. It became obvious that of Andorra in S. XX has not been any system
dictatorship, it has also been a land of welcome for those who flee wars in neighboring countries. Our society has always been
mostly solidarity so natural.
ANDORRA BEFORE THE CONSTITUTION
He has talked a lot about how our country will continue its history with Franco regime in the neighboring country, the
conversations between Mitra and the "generalissimo"; but what is certain is that luckily we remain a principality independent.
In the 70 growing and progressive movements in Europe anticonservadors also come to our little country, a country full of
contrasts: for part, Andorra offers the possibility of finding banned literature in Spain films and arthouse that the Franco regime and
prohibits censorship; but on the other hand, when the concerns of some young and progressive protest Andorran the lead to create
the magazine "Tribune", the time exponent of the left, this annoys the most reactionary ruling classes and powers. Finally, taking
advantage of burning a flag in a Spanish Paco Ibanez in concert, invited by the magazine, that flag was Burned by a group of
impassioned little had to do with our country, Madrid biased information received from some members of the ruling class.
The result was the expulsion from Spain of those compatriots who worked or study in Spanish universities.
Among other facts, is so evident limitations of our democratic of time.
Within the social and political worth noting that Social Security dated 1968 that women could vote in 1970 and the death penalty
was not abolished until 1990.
The third power of any democratic state, justice depends, however, directly through the Princes vegueries.
Co-Prince of Andorra between the secularism of the French religious spirit Episcopal Co-Prince, including civil and political rights
demanded by the people during the French Revolution and the ten commandments delivered to Moses by God.
ANDORRA AFTER THE CONSTITUTION
On 14 March 1993, the Andorran people say yes to the referendum on constitution. Andorra became a full-fledged state recognized
internationally. But well, the development of the Magna Carta has been slow especially with regard to Title II of the rights and
freedoms. Although today is not regulated, inter alia, the right to strike and many of us question our right to privacy.
For all the facts that several people from various fields social and professional, who saw the need that existed in Andorra, a
organism from which human rights defenders and passed. An organization where you can study and analyze the possible violations
human rights in all areas where they occur.
An organism able to disseminate and promote human rights: IDHA Article 5 of our Constitution reads:
"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is binding in Andorra"
Obviously something is to enjoy fundamental rights and freedoms other than the public and make them prevail and that only for
rights inherent in the person, require the maximum protection. So despite having the legal framework is in the exercise of rights
where there may be the and therefore a violation of our goals it will be evident.
The Institute also wishes to highlight all the legislative shortcomings, regulations or rules, necessary to achieve the joint effective
protection systems for the whole of the fundamental rights, necessary live in peace and solidarity. We realize that our society
requires socioeconomic reforms in the field so as to allow the sociopolitical combine three basic values such as freedom, equality
and solidarity. To achieve our goals the Institute will need the collaboration all because the defense of fundamental rights we should
all be involved.
The Institute of Human Rights of Andorra not only seeks to defend and spread rights in our country, it is also necessary to study
and debate their violations around the world.
IDHA: first evaluations
During the first year of operation the Idha wanted to highlight and analyze point out those aspects which are of fundamental rights,
which today still be developed through appropriate legislation that would protect and regular.
This was done to review the functioning of different bodies are directly and indirectly involved, such as:
-The Judiciary
Services-Order
Centre-Prison
Then he analyzed the different social and labor issues during the first year of operation came to public light as facts that were in
against fundamental rights:
Medical examinations and immigration-
-Blood Donation
State-of freedoms of expression, communication and information in Andorra.
Finally he mentioned the various agreements, conventions, protocols etc. that refer to human rights both at European worldwide
and still the date we made the report had not been ratified part of our country.
IDHA future objectives:
- Continue evaluating the present society.
- Increase collaboration with institutions and public organizations and private, engaged in national and international rights advocacy
Human.
- Make greater dissemination of human rights.
- Collaborate with schools to carry out work with students.
- Prepare an annual report on the situation of fundamental rights.
Finally IDHA is open to all persons wishing to collaborate achieve our goals and wish to form part of this organization.
President IDHA
Elisa Mills Muxella
Click here to read more »
HUMAN RIGHTS INSTITUTE OF ANDORRA
INTRODUCTION
01 September 2007
Often when we think about human rights abuses, first we spirit sold are those that threaten the security and freedom of the
individual and unfortunately today there are still many countries that do not respected. Those who already have a few years,
remember how cruel regimes were dictatorships ranging from the dictatorship of Spain to the South American (Chile, Argentina,
Uruguay ....), through Stalin's USSR or African regimes bloody like Idi Amin of Uganda.
Acts such as the Tiananmen Square massacre, the end of spring Prague by the Soviet army, or recently segrestaments on European
soil in by the CIA, make us wonder what is the declaration of rights ensure respect for the man most countries that have signed
and all often the most powerful do not.
This is why since 1967 until now, the UN has not stopped strive to create internal structures (committees, Council) that studying
the violation of human rights by member countries. It became obvious that of Andorra in S. XX has not been any system
dictatorship, it has also been a land of welcome for those who flee wars in neighboring countries. Our society has always been
mostly solidarity so natural.
ANDORRA BEFORE THE CONSTITUTION
He has talked a lot about how our country will continue its history with Franco regime in the neighboring country, the
conversations between Mitra and the "generalissimo"; but what is certain is that luckily we remain a principality independent.
In the 70 growing and progressive movements in Europe anticonservadors also come to our little country, a country full of
contrasts: for part, Andorra offers the possibility of finding banned literature in Spain films and arthouse that the Franco regime and
prohibits censorship; but on the other hand, when the concerns of some young and progressive protest Andorran the lead to create
the magazine "Tribune", the time exponent of the left, this annoys the most reactionary ruling classes and powers. Finally, taking
advantage of burning a flag in a Spanish Paco Ibanez in concert, invited by the magazine, that flag was Burned by a group of
impassioned little had to do with our country, Madrid biased information received from some members of the ruling class.
The result was the expulsion from Spain of those compatriots who worked or study in Spanish universities.
Among other facts, is so evident limitations of our democratic of time.
Within the social and political worth noting that Social Security dated 1968 that women could vote in 1970 and the death penalty
was not abolished until 1990.
The third power of any democratic state, justice depends, however, directly through the Princes vegueries.
Co-Prince of Andorra between the secularism of the French religious spirit Episcopal Co-Prince, including civil and political rights
demanded by the people during the French Revolution and the ten commandments delivered to Moses by God.
ANDORRA AFTER THE CONSTITUTION
On 14 March 1993, the Andorran people say yes to the referendum on constitution. Andorra became a full-fledged state recognized
internationally. But well, the development of the Magna Carta has been slow especially with regard to Title II of the rights and
freedoms. Although today is not regulated, inter alia, the right to strike and many of us question our right to privacy.
For all the facts that several people from various fields social and professional, who saw the need that existed in Andorra, a
organism from which human rights defenders and passed. An organization where you can study and analyze the possible violations
human rights in all areas where they occur.
An organism able to disseminate and promote human rights: IDHA Article 5 of our Constitution reads:
"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is binding in Andorra"
Obviously something is to enjoy fundamental rights and freedoms other than the public and make them prevail and that only for
rights inherent in the person, require the maximum protection. So despite having the legal framework is in the exercise of rights
where there may be the and therefore a violation of our goals it will be evident.
The Institute also wishes to highlight all the legislative shortcomings, regulations or rules, necessary to achieve the joint effective
protection systems for the whole of the fundamental rights, necessary live in peace and solidarity. We realize that our society
requires socioeconomic reforms in the field so as to allow the sociopolitical combine three basic values such as freedom, equality
and solidarity. To achieve our goals the Institute will need the collaboration all because the defense of fundamental rights we should
all be involved.
The Institute of Human Rights of Andorra not only seeks to defend and spread rights in our country, it is also necessary to study
and debate their violations around the world.
IDHA: first evaluations
During the first year of operation the Idha wanted to highlight and analyze point out those aspects which are of fundamental rights,
which today still be developed through appropriate legislation that would protect and regular.
This was done to review the functioning of different bodies are directly and indirectly involved, such as:
-The Judiciary
Services-Order
Centre-Prison
Then he analyzed the different social and labor issues during the first year of operation came to public light as facts that were in
against fundamental rights:
Medical examinations and immigration-
-Blood Donation
State-of freedoms of expression, communication and information in Andorra.
Finally he mentioned the various agreements, conventions, protocols etc. that refer to human rights both at European worldwide
and still the date we made the report had not been ratified part of our country.
IDHA future objectives:
- Continue evaluating the present society.
- Increase collaboration with institutions and public organizations and private, engaged in national and international rights advocacy
Human.
- Make greater dissemination of human rights.
- Collaborate with schools to carry out work with students.
- Prepare an annual report on the situation of fundamental rights.
Finally IDHA is open to all persons wishing to collaborate achieve our goals and wish to form part of this organization.
President IDHA
Elisa Mills Muxella
Click here to read more »
Represented by
Christian Fremont
since 01 September 2008
Christian Fremont
since 01 September 2008
Jaume Bartumeu Cassany
Executive Council President
since 05 June 2009
Executive Council President
since 05 June 2009
Click on map for larger view
Click on flag for Country Report
Represented by
Mn. Nemesi Marques i Oste
since 30 July 2003
Mn. Nemesi Marques i Oste
since 30 July 2003
| TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS |
None reported.
