| INDONESIA Republic of Indonesia Republik Indonesia Joined United Nations: 28 September 1950 Rescinded membership 20 January 1965 Reinstated membership: 28 September 1966 Human Rights as assured by their constitution Updated 27 October 2012 |
Chapter X. The Citizens
Article 26
1. Citizens are native Indonesian persons or persons of other nations who have acquired a legal status as citizens.
2. Conditions to acquire and other matters on citizenship shall be determined by law.
Article 27
1. All citizens have equal status before the law and in government and shall abide by the law and the government without any exception.
2. Every citizen has the right to work and to live in human dignity.
Article 28
Freedom of association and assembly, of verbal and written expression and the like, shall be prescribed by law.
Chapter XI. Religion
Article 29
1. The State shall be based upon the belief in the One and Only God.
2. The State guarantees all persons the freedom of worship, each according to his/her own religion or belief.
Chapter XII. National Defence
Article 30
1. Every citizen has the right and duty to participate in the defence of the country.
2. The rules governing defence shall be regulated by law.
Chapter XIII. Education
Article 31
1. Every citizen has the right to education.
2. The government shall establish and conduct a national educational system which shall be regulated by law.
Article 32
The government shall advance the national culture.
Chapter XIV. Social Welfare
Article 33
1. The economy shall be organized as a common endeavour based upon the principles of the family system.
2. Sectors of production which are important for the country and affect the life of the people shall be controlled by the state.
3. The land, the waters and the natural riches contained therein shall be controlled by the State and exploited to the greatest benefit of the
people.
Article 34
The poor and destitute children shall be cared for by the State.
Article 26
1. Citizens are native Indonesian persons or persons of other nations who have acquired a legal status as citizens.
2. Conditions to acquire and other matters on citizenship shall be determined by law.
Article 27
1. All citizens have equal status before the law and in government and shall abide by the law and the government without any exception.
2. Every citizen has the right to work and to live in human dignity.
Article 28
Freedom of association and assembly, of verbal and written expression and the like, shall be prescribed by law.
Chapter XI. Religion
Article 29
1. The State shall be based upon the belief in the One and Only God.
2. The State guarantees all persons the freedom of worship, each according to his/her own religion or belief.
Chapter XII. National Defence
Article 30
1. Every citizen has the right and duty to participate in the defence of the country.
2. The rules governing defence shall be regulated by law.
Chapter XIII. Education
Article 31
1. Every citizen has the right to education.
2. The government shall establish and conduct a national educational system which shall be regulated by law.
Article 32
The government shall advance the national culture.
Chapter XIV. Social Welfare
Article 33
1. The economy shall be organized as a common endeavour based upon the principles of the family system.
2. Sectors of production which are important for the country and affect the life of the people shall be controlled by the state.
3. The land, the waters and the natural riches contained therein shall be controlled by the State and exploited to the greatest benefit of the
people.
Article 34
The poor and destitute children shall be cared for by the State.
Humanoid settlement began as early as 500,000 years ago with the arrival of
Pithecanthropus erectus, more commonly known as Java Man. There has been recent
discovery of a smaller sized humanoid species dubbed Pithecanthropus erectus, who
arrived about 100,000 years ago and disappeared about 10,000 years ago. Indian history
suggests that a civilization existed in what is now known as Java in about 200 B.C.E. though
archeological findings suggest earliest human habitation about the 1st Century C.E. An
Indian society dominated until about the 16th Century ; however with the arrival of Islam in
the 12th Century, a dominant Muslim society began to emerge. The Portuguese made the
first colonial inroads, arriving from recently conquered Malacca to begin exploring Indonesia
in 1512. Their growth was limited to the islands of Solor, Flores and Timor. The Dutch
initially made contact around 1602, and the Dutch East Indies Company formed an alliance
with one of the warring factions around 1613, establishing the colony of Batavia. The
burgeoning spice trade spawned a wave of European migration throughout the 16th century
with the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and English vying for dominance. The English briefly
dominated at the end of the 18th Century when the Dutch East Indies company went
bankrupt, but the Dutch reclaimed dominance in 1816. The islands were occupied by the
Japanese in World War II as Germany occupied Holland. Following the War, Indonesia
declared independence on 17 August 1945 and shortly thereafter presented its constitution.
Holland's attempts to reassert its claim led to a war that lasted until 27 December 1949,
when Queen Juliana of the Netherlands recognized Indonesian independence, and a new
constitution was adopted declaring a parliamentary system. Repeated dictatorial coups,
wars with neighbors such as Malaysia, occupation of East Timor and an ensuing
independence movement and the struggle as Islam sought to define its place in the
government have made Indonesia a troubled nation, including a period between 1965 and
1966 when President Sukarno withdrew Indonesia from the UN and attempted to form the
Conference of New Emerging Forces (Conefo) as an alternative when the United Nations
accepted Malaysia as a nonpermanent member. In 1989, the 1945 Constitution of the
Republic of Indonesia was reinstated. It has been amended a few times since then, most
recently in 2002. Human Rights are enumerated beginning with Chapter X in accordance
with standards set forth by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of which Indonesia is
a signatory. The following is the extract of those amendments specifically pertaining to
human rights. For a full English translation of Indonesia's Constitution, click here.
Pithecanthropus erectus, more commonly known as Java Man. There has been recent
discovery of a smaller sized humanoid species dubbed Pithecanthropus erectus, who
arrived about 100,000 years ago and disappeared about 10,000 years ago. Indian history
suggests that a civilization existed in what is now known as Java in about 200 B.C.E. though
archeological findings suggest earliest human habitation about the 1st Century C.E. An
Indian society dominated until about the 16th Century ; however with the arrival of Islam in
the 12th Century, a dominant Muslim society began to emerge. The Portuguese made the
first colonial inroads, arriving from recently conquered Malacca to begin exploring Indonesia
in 1512. Their growth was limited to the islands of Solor, Flores and Timor. The Dutch
initially made contact around 1602, and the Dutch East Indies Company formed an alliance
with one of the warring factions around 1613, establishing the colony of Batavia. The
burgeoning spice trade spawned a wave of European migration throughout the 16th century
with the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and English vying for dominance. The English briefly
dominated at the end of the 18th Century when the Dutch East Indies company went
bankrupt, but the Dutch reclaimed dominance in 1816. The islands were occupied by the
Japanese in World War II as Germany occupied Holland. Following the War, Indonesia
declared independence on 17 August 1945 and shortly thereafter presented its constitution.
Holland's attempts to reassert its claim led to a war that lasted until 27 December 1949,
when Queen Juliana of the Netherlands recognized Indonesian independence, and a new
constitution was adopted declaring a parliamentary system. Repeated dictatorial coups,
wars with neighbors such as Malaysia, occupation of East Timor and an ensuing
independence movement and the struggle as Islam sought to define its place in the
government have made Indonesia a troubled nation, including a period between 1965 and
1966 when President Sukarno withdrew Indonesia from the UN and attempted to form the
Conference of New Emerging Forces (Conefo) as an alternative when the United Nations
accepted Malaysia as a nonpermanent member. In 1989, the 1945 Constitution of the
Republic of Indonesia was reinstated. It has been amended a few times since then, most
recently in 2002. Human Rights are enumerated beginning with Chapter X in accordance
with standards set forth by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of which Indonesia is
a signatory. The following is the extract of those amendments specifically pertaining to
human rights. For a full English translation of Indonesia's Constitution, click here.